FISHERY BULLETIN; VOL. 87, NO. 3, 1989 



measuring larvae in block sequence we reduced 

 this variance due to ontogeny in our analyses of 

 correlations and female effects. 



Correlations Between ELH Traits 



There were seven significant partial correla- 

 tions between the ELH traits (Fig. 1). These 

 correlations measure whether or not a change in 

 one trait is associated with a change in the other 

 while holding the remaining (four) traits con- 

 stant. Size, yolk reserves, and age at hatching all 

 covaried directly with initial yolk volume. 

 Hatchling size increased with age at hatching, 

 but yolk reserves at hatching were negatively 

 related to age at hatching. Yolk and oil globule 

 volume at hatching covaried directly. Oil globule 

 volume at hatching was the only trait that co- 

 varied with posthatching hfespan; all else equal, 

 larvae with larger oil globules lived longer. 



It is important to note the trait pairs that 

 failed to show associations. Oil globule volume at 

 hatching did not vary with initial yolk volume. 

 Length at hatching was independent of yolk or 

 oil globule volume at hatching. Futhermore, 

 posthatching lifespan was not related to initial 



yolk volume, length, age, nor yolk volume at 

 hatching. 



The correlations between ELH traits based on 

 family averages differed from the partial correla- 

 tions calculated within individuals (Table 1). The 

 sample size of family gi'oups was small (n = 10), 

 hence, caution is required when assessing the 

 pattern that emerged. First, there were no neg- 



Table 1 . — Simple correlations between early life history traits 

 of capeWn, Mallotus villosus, calculated from family averages 

 (df = 8). *P<0.05, **P<0.01. 



Trait 



(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 



1) Egg yolk 



volume 



2) Length at 



hatching 



3) Yolk volume 



at hatching 



4) Oil volume 



at hatching 



5) Age at 



hatching 



6) Posthatching 



lifespan 



1.00 0.55 0.53 0.36 0.43 0.59 



1.00 0.58 0.45 0.32 0.42 



1.00 0.80** 0.08 0.54 



1.00 0.13 0.68* 



1.00 0.57 



1.00 



length at hatching 



yolk volunne at hatching 

 ■J 



volume at 

 hatching 



posthatching lifespan 



Figure 1. — Early life history traits of capelin, Mallotus villosus, subjected to analyses and the within-individual 

 partial correlations between traits. Only significant correlations are shown (P < 0.05, df = 126). 



518 



