FISHERY BULLETIN: VOL. 87, NO. 3, 1989 



cohorts is reduced to only a few days. Under 

 such conditions tropical species may spawn fre- 

 quently for long periods (Clarke 1987) as a mech- 

 anism to promote recruitment success. 



Several attempts have been made to develop 

 unifying theories that explain recruitment fluc- 

 tuations and regulation, including the match- 

 mismatch hypothesis (Gushing 1975), the stable 

 ocean hypothesis (Lasker 1978; 1981), and the 

 larval retention hypothesis (lies and Sinclair 

 1982). None of these is entirely satisfying, given 

 the diverse nature of teleost fishes and the en- 

 vironments in which they live. Miller et al. (1988) 

 have demonstrated that interspecific variation in 

 larval size is a strong determinant of growth rate 

 and a predictor of starvation-induced mortality. 

 Hunter (1981) also recognized that larvae could 

 be classified by theu* relative first-feeding abih- 

 ties as judged by mouth size and general mor- 

 phology. Miller et al. (1988) and Hunter (1981) 

 have demonstrated that larvae can be cate- 

 gorized by their morphology as starvation-prone 

 or not. Here, it is demonstrated that tempera- 

 ture, and by implication latitude, exercises a 

 strong influence on the energetics, gi'owth, and 

 mortality rates of marine fish larvae. Further- 

 more, it is proposed that these traits have 

 favored selection of spawning strategies that 

 have evolved in warm and cold seas. 



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 



Support for this research has come from the 

 Biological Oceanography Program, U.S. Na- 

 tional Science Foundation, and most recently 

 from Grant OGE 8701304. I thank K. M. Bailey, 

 J. H. Cowan, Jr., F. Hovenkamp, T. G. Lam- 

 bert, D. M. Monteleone, D. M. Ware, Y. Yama- 

 shita, and anonymous referees who read drafts 

 of the manuscript, providing many helpful sug- 

 gestions and critical review. 



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