FISHERY BULLETIN: VOL. 87, NO. 3. 1989 



hatching time was probably about 0100 and total 

 incubation time about 30 hours. In March, old 

 eggs were present along with new eggs between 

 spawning time and 0430, but were absent from 

 the earliest postsunrise sample taken at 0820. 

 Old eggs were, however, present in samples tak- 

 en at 0600-0700 earlier in March; this indicates 

 that hatching time was probably about 0700 

 and that incubation time was about 35 hours. 



Early Development 



Development to first feeding status was most 

 rapid in September (Table 2). By the end of the 

 first day, the yolk sac had disappeared, and the 

 pectoral fin bases were almost the same di- 

 ameter as the eye. By the morning of the second 

 day, the "1" larvae had black eyes and pectoral 

 fins with well-developed rays; most individuals 

 had food items in the gut. Similar larvae oc- 

 curred in samples taken nearer to sunrise on 

 other dates in September-October. Thus it is 

 hkely that the "1" larvae were ready to feed at or 



near sunrise and that development time from 

 hatching to first feeding was about 35 hours 

 (Table 1). 



Development was considerably slower in 

 December and March (Table 2). Some yolk re- 

 mained at the end of the first day in both 

 months. In December, "2" larvae had already 

 been feeding by 0800 and probably reached feed- 

 ing status at or near sunrise or about 54 hours 

 after hatching. In March, early "3" larvae taken 

 at 0845 had already been feeding, and the late 

 "2" larvae appeared to have reached feeding 

 status at or just before sunrise, about 71 hours 

 after hatching. 



In June the larvae developed almost as fast 

 during the first day as in September (Table 2), 

 but little change took place over the second 

 night. In the morning only a few of the "1" larvae 

 had traces of eye pigment. By afternoon there 

 was a relatively wide range of development 

 among apparent "1" larvae; they had white to 

 brown eyes and variably developed pectoral 

 rays. The mouths of some individuals appeared 



Table 2. — Developmental characters of different age groups of 

 early larvae of the Hawaiian anchovy, Encrasicholina purpurea, at 

 different times of the day for four different sampling dates. Codes 

 for yolk sac (Y) are: + = present along ventral margin, T = traces 

 anteriorly, = absent; for pectoral fin; = absent, B = buds 

 visible, P = diameter of bases about equal to that of eye pupil, E = 

 bases diameter about equal to that of eye, and R = fin rays visible; 

 tor eye pigment (E): = none, T = trace, Br = brownish, 81 = 

 black, fully pigmented. Very early stages, which would otherwise 

 be coded " + -0-0", are coded as "NH" or "STR" depending upon 

 whether the larvae were newly hatched and still bent anteriorly or 

 had straightened, respectively. Larvae apparently developed to 

 feeding status, which would otherwise be coded "0-R-BI", are 

 simply designated by "F". 



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