APPENDIX 1. 



Characters used in analysis of Scomberomorus relationships 



1) Posterodorsal spine of hyomandibula (Fig. 

 27). Plesiomorphous condition: absent. Char- 

 acter states: O(absent), Kpresent and small), 2 

 (large). 



2) Palatine tooth patch (Fig. 26). Plesiomor- 

 phous condition: wide. Character states: 0( wide), 

 Knarrow), 2(very narrow). 



3) Inner process of palatine bone. Plesiomor- 

 phous condition: short. Character states: 0(very 

 short, distance from dorsal hook of palatine to end 

 of inner process 54-72% of length to end of outer 

 process), Kshort, 70-84%), 2(long, 97-99%). 



4) Ventral process of angular (Fig. 25). Ple- 

 siomorphous condition: short. Character states: 

 (Kshort, 42-80% of length of dorsal process), 1 

 (moderate, 87-93%), 2(long, 117-126%). 



5) Posterior expansion of maxilla (Fig. 23). Ple- 

 siomorphous condition: no expansion. Character 

 states: 0(no posterior expansion of maxilla), 1 

 (slight expansion), 2(moderate expansion), 3 

 (marked expansion). 



6) Length of head of maxilla. Plesiomorphous 

 condition: long. Character states: O(short), 1 

 (medium), 2(long), 3(very long). 



7) Width of parasphenoid. Plesiomorphous 

 condition: narrow. Character states: O(narrow), 

 Kwide). 



8) Angle of margins of anterior end of premaxilla 

 (Fig. 22). Plesiomorphous condition: blunt. 

 Character states: O(blunt), l(intermediate), 2 

 (acute). 



11) Relative size of scapular foramen (Fig. 43). 

 Plesiomorphous condition: medium-sized. Char- 

 acter states: O(large), l(medium), 2(small). 



12) Pineal foramen (Figs. 11-13). Plesiomor- 

 phous condition: present. Character states: 

 (present), l(reduced), 2(absent). 



13) Anterior ends of pterosphenoids (Figs. 17- 

 19). Plesiomorphous condition: far apart. Char- 

 acter states: 0(far apart), Kclose together). 



14) Height of supraoccipital crest (Figs. 14-16). 

 Plesiomorphous condition: low. Character states: 

 0(low), l(high). 



15) Pterotic spine (Figs. 11-13). Plesiomorphous 

 condition: well developed. Character states: 

 (well developed), 1( essentially absent). 



16) Pelvic girdle: relative length of posterior 

 process (Fig. 46). Plesiomorphous condition: 

 short to moderate-sized posterior process. Char- 

 acter states: 0(short to moderate posterior process, 

 20-50% of length of anterior plate), Klong poste- 

 rior process, 62-90% of length of anterior plate). 



17) Spine on intercalar (Figs. 17-19). Plesiomor- 

 phous condition: absent. Character states: 0(ab- 

 sent), Kmoderate length), 2(long). 



18) Swim bladder. Plesiomorphous condition: 

 present. Character states: O(present), l(absent). 



19) Curvature of lateral line (Figs. 50, 52, 68). 

 Plesiomorphous condition: no abrupt curve. 

 Character states: 0(no abrupt curve), Kabrupt 

 downward curve). 



9) Length of ascending process of premaxilla 

 (Fig. 22). Plesiomorphous condition: moderately 

 long. Character states: O(short), Kmoderately 

 long), 2(very long). 



10) Vomerine ridge (Figs. 17-19). Plesiomor- 

 phous condition: absent. Character states: 

 (absent), Kpresent). 



20) Auxiliary branches off lateral line (Figs. 54, 

 56). Plesiomorphous condition: absent. Char- 

 acter states: O(absent), Kpresent). 



21) Nasal denticles (Fig. 1). Plesiomorphous 

 condition: nasal chamber without denticles. 

 Character states: 0(denticles absent), Knasal den- 

 ticles present). 



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