Scomberomorus has been in doubt. In his revision 

 of Australian species, Munro (1943) recognized 15 

 species in the world (excluding Cybiosarda ele- 

 gans, a bonito, and Lepidocybium flavobrunneum , 

 a gempylid). Fraser-Brunner (1950) recognized 

 only nine species, placing five valid species in 

 synonymy. In the course of this revision, we have 

 discovered two previously undescribed species, S. 

 brasiliensis (Collette et al. 1978), which was con- 

 fused with S. maculatus, and S. munroi (Collette 

 and Russo 1980), which was confused with S. 

 niphonius. 



Emphasis was placed on obtaining fresh or 

 frozen specimens for dissection from several pop- 

 ulations of each species. Standard counts and 

 measurements were taken, color pattern was 

 recorded, and a search made for parasitic cope- 

 pods. Results of the copepod study have been 

 reported by Cressey and Cressey (1980), and 

 analysis of these data from a host-parasite point 

 of view has been completed (Cressey et al. 1983; 

 Collette and Russo 1985). The viscera were ex- 

 amined and illustrated in situ following remov- 

 al of an oval portion of the ventral body wall. 

 The viscera then were removed and drawings 

 were made of the liver and other selected organs. 

 The kidneys and anterior parts of the arterial 

 system then were drawn. Counts of ribs and 

 intermuscular bones were made and the speci- 

 men was then skeletonized, facilitated by immer- 

 sion in hot water. 



The base measurement for morphometric com- 

 parisons of fresh, frozen, and preserved specimens 

 was millimeters fork length (mm FL). 



This paper is divided into three major parts. 

 The first part contains descriptions and illustra- 

 tions of morphometry, meristic characters, soft 

 anatomy, and osteology of the species of Scom- 

 beromorus. Comparisons with Acanthocybium 

 solandri and Grammatorcynus bilineatus are in- 

 cluded. All references to Grammatorcynus in this 

 paper refer to G. bilineatus. The validity of the 

 second species, G. bicarinatus, was only estab- 

 lished recently (Collette 1983). The second part 

 comprises separate species accounts including 

 synonymy, types of nominal species, diagnosis 

 (based on characters from the first section), de- 

 scription, size, color pattern, summaries of pub- 

 lished information on biology and interest to 

 fisheries, geographic distribution, and material 

 examined. The most important references to each 

 species are marked with asterisks in the syn- 

 onymies. The third part is an analysis of the 

 relationships of Acanthocybium and the spe- 



FISHERY BULLETIN: VOL. 82, NO. 4 



cies of Scomberomorus based on a cladistic 

 analysis of characters described in the first part, 

 using Grammatorcynus as the plesiomorphic 

 out-group. 



MATERIAL 



The material examined is listed by general lo- 

 cality under four or five headings in the accounts 

 for each of the 18 species of Scomberomorus. 

 Comparative material of Acanthocybium and 

 Grammatorcynus is listed at the end of this 

 section. The numbers under these headings are 

 not additive but are included to give some degree 

 of confidence in the morphological data presented 

 in the body of the paper. "Total specimens" is the 

 total number of individuals examined whether 

 preserved, dissected, or skeletonized. "Dissected" 

 are fresh or frozen specimens for which data on 

 the viscera and usually other characters were 

 recorded. Specimens were subsequently made in- 

 to skeletons. "Measured and counted" includes 

 specimens that were subsequently dissected as 

 well as the preserved museum specimens used for 

 detailed morphometric and meristic examination. 

 "Counts only" are additional museum specimens 

 used only for meristic examination. "Skeletons" 

 refer to all the skeletal material examined, both 

 specimens that were dissected and additional 

 skeletal material already in museums. Asterisks 

 indicate type-specimens of nominal species. 



Material was examined from the following 

 institutions: 



AMNH American Museum of Natural His- 



tory, New York 



AMS Australian Museum, Sydney 



ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences, 



Philadelphia 



BMNH British Museum (Natural History), 



London 



CAS California Academy of Sciences, San 



Francisco 



CSIRO CSIRO Marine Biological Laborato- 



ry, Cronulla, N.S.W., Australia 



DASF Department of Agriculture, Stock, 



and Fisheries, Port Moresby, Pap- 

 ua New Guinea 



FMNH Field Museum of Natural History, 



Chicago 



HUMZ Laboratory of Marine Zoology, 



Hokkaido University, Hakodate, 

 Hokkaido 



546 



