FISHERY BULLETIN: VOL. 82, NO. 4 



anatomy. The other meristic characters are dis- 

 cussed in the relevant osteological sections of the 

 paper. 



Soft Anatomy 



The relative position, shape, and size of the 

 various internal organs provide valuable diag- 

 nostic characters. For purposes of discussion, the 

 characters in the soft anatomy are divided into 

 five sections: viscera, vascular system, urogenital 

 system, olfactory organ, and pharyngeal muscles. 



VISCERA 



Emphasis was placed on the appearance of the 

 viscera in ventral view, after removal of an oval 

 segment of the belly wall (Figs. 2, 3). Previous 

 papers on the viscera include Kishinouye (1923, 5 

 Japanese species of Scomberomorus , and Acan- 

 thocybium and Grammatorcynus), Munro (1943, 



4 Australian species), Silas (1963, Gramma- 

 torcynus), Mota Alves and Tome (1967a, S. caval- 

 la), Mota Alves (1969, S. brasiliensis), Tongyai 

 (1971a, S. guttatus and S. commerson), and Col- 

 lette and Russo (1979, preliminary review of the 

 genus). 



The anterior end of the liver abuts the trans- 

 verse septum anteriorly in the body cavity. The 

 liver has three lobes. The left and right lobes are 

 longer than the middle lobe in all three genera 

 (Fig. 4). The right lobe is longest in Scomberomo- 

 rus and Grammatorcynus. The left and right 

 lobes are about equal in length in Acanthocyb- 

 ium. Two efferent (venous) vessels lead directly 

 from the anterior surface of the liver into the 

 sinus venosus in all species. The short esophagus 

 leads into the stomach. The stomach is sometimes 

 visible in ventral view but this is dependant on 

 the amount of food present, rather than showing 

 differences between species. The pyloric portion 

 of the intestine arises from the anterior end of the 



liver 



INTESTINE 



FIGURE 2. — Viscera in ventral view. a. Scomberomo- 

 rus maculatus, Georgia, 290 mm FL. b. Acanthocybium 

 solandri, Campeche Banks, Mexico, 1,280 mm FL. c. 

 Grammatorcynus bilineatus, Marshall Is., 424 mm FL. 



CAECAL MASS 



STOMACH 



GALL BLADDER 



.'.'.I GONAD 



x&axd URINARY BLADDER 



552 



