COLLETTE and RUSSO: SPANISH MACKERELS 



acter 21, state 1), a synapomorphy unique to the 

 group. All species also have a moderately long 

 intercalar spine (character 17), but this is also 

 present in S. niphonius. All species in the group 

 have a vomerine ridge (character 10, state 1) 

 except for S. brasiliensis in which it has been 

 secondarily lost. The five most advanced species 

 (all except S. tritor) have an artery arising from 

 the fourth left epibranchial artery (character 22, 

 state 1). The four most advanced species (all except 

 S. tritor and S. maculatus) have developed a long 

 posterior process on the pelvic girdle (character 16, 

 state 1). The three most advanced species (sierra, 

 brasiliensis, and regalis) have a coeliaco-mesen- 

 teric shunt connecting the fourth right epibran- 

 chial artery with the coeliaco-mesenteric artery 

 (character 22, state 2). The two most advanced 

 species (brasiliensis and regalis) have lost the 

 pterotic spine (character 15, state 1) but this spine 

 has also been independently lost in other lines. 

 The genus-group name Scomberomorus Lacepede 

 sensu stricto (type-species S. regalis) applies to 

 this group. 



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 



For permission to examine specimens in their 

 institutions, or for donating specimens to the 

 USNM collections, we thank the following: Kunio 

 Amaoka (HUMZ); Maria Luisa Azzaroli (MSUF); 

 Reeve M. Bailey (UMMZ); Marie-Louise Bauchot 

 (MNHN); Adam Ben-Tuvia (Sea Fisheries Re- 

 search Station, Haifa); M. Boeseman (RMNH); the 

 late James E. Bohlke (ANSP); Ian W. Brown 

 (formerly Senior Fisheries Officer, Fiji); Dan 

 M. Carlsson (ZMK, formerly at Phuket Marine 

 Biological Center, Thailand); F. Cervigon M. 

 (UDONECI); C. E. Dawson (GCRL); Alan R. 

 Emery (ROM); William N. Eschmeyer (CAS); 

 William L. Fink (formerly at MCZ); Carter R. 

 Gilbert (UF); C. G. Gruchy (NMC); Karsten Hartel 

 (MCZ); Philip C. Heemstra (RUSI); P. A. Hulley 

 (SAM); Robert K. Johnson (FMNH); Paul Kahs- 

 bauer (formerly at NHMV); Robert J. Lavenberg 

 (LACM); Don E. McAllister (NMC); R. J. McKay 

 (formerly at WAM); Geoff McPherson (Queens- 

 land Fisheries Service); Naercio A. Menezes 

 (MZUSP); A. G. K. Menon (ZSI); Ian S. R. Munro 

 (CSIRO); Eugene L. Nakamura (NMFS, Panama 

 City, Fla.); Jorgen G. Nielsen (ZMK); Han Nijssen 

 (ZMA); John R. Paxton (AMS); Thomas Potthoff 

 (TABL); William J. Richards (TABL); C. Richard 

 Robins (University of Miami); Donn E. Rosen 

 (AMNH); Richard Rosenblatt (SIO); B. R. Smith 



(formerly at DASF); Pearl Sonoda (CAS); Camm 

 Swift (LACM); Frank Talbot (CAS, formerly at 

 SAM and AMS); H. Wilkens (ZMH); Richard 

 Winterbottom (ROM, formerly at RUSI); and Luis 

 Alberto Zavalla-Camin (MPIP and MZUSP). 



Frozen material, vital to this project, was ob- 

 tained through the much appreciated efforts of 

 Tokiharu Abe (University of Tokyo); Adam Ben- 

 Tuvia (Sea Fisheries Research Station, Haifa); 

 Frederick H. Berry and Mark D. Lange (TABL); 

 John Carleton (Queensland Fisheries Service); M. 

 Devaraj (formerly at Central Marine Fisheries 

 Research Institute, Mandapam Camp, India); 

 Jeffrey B. Graham (formerly at Smithsonian 

 Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama); 

 Elwood K. Harry (International Game Fish Asso- 

 ciation, Fort Lauderdale, Fla.); Barry Hutchins 

 (WAM); S. A. Jaleel (Marine Fisheries Depart- 

 ment, Karachi, Pakistan); W L. Klawe (Inter- 

 American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, 

 Calif.); Leslie W Knapp (Smithsonian Oceano- 

 graphic Sorting Center); A. D. Lewis (formerly at 

 DASF); Eugene L. Nakamura (NMFS, Panama 

 City, Fla.); the late Al Pflueger (Miami); Gary 

 Sharp (FAO, formerly at Inter- American Tropi- 

 cal Tuna Commission); J. M. Stretta (Centre de 

 Recherches Oceanographiques, Abidjan, Ivory 

 Coast); Camm Swift (LACM); Sen Min Tan (Ma- 

 rine Fisheries Research Department, SEAFDEC, 

 Singapore); Rudy van der Elst (Oceanographic 

 Research Institute, Durban); and Charles Wen- 

 ner (South Carolina Department of Marine 

 Resources). 



Work at the Australian Museum in 1969-70 was 

 made possible through the National Marine Fish- 

 eries Service and the Trustees of the Australian 

 Museum, its Director at that time, Frank H. 

 Talbot and its Curator of Fishes, John R. Paxton. 



For assistance with computer processing we 

 thank K. K. Beach and E. M. Hamilton of the 

 George Washington University Center for Aca- 

 demic and Administrative Computing. L. C. 

 Hayek, Office of Computer Services, Smithsonian 

 Institution, provided consultation and suggestions 

 regarding the statistical procedures used herein. 

 Ruth E. Gibbons and Gary A. Pettit assisted with 

 data analysis. 



The figures, which are an integral part of this 

 paper, were drawn by Keiko Hiratsuka Moore. 

 Plates were prepared by Ruth E. Gibbons. Radio- 

 graphs were taken by George Clipper and Ruth E. 

 Gibbons. Jack Marquardt and his staff at the 

 Smithsonian library were most helpful in finding 

 and obtaining early or obscure references. Typing, 



673 



