COLLETTE and RUSSO: SPANISH MACKERELS 



larvae). Miyake and Hiyasi 1972:111-3 (in key); 

 IV-11 (common names). Dwinell and Futch 

 1973 (188 larvae and juveniles, 2.8-42.2 mm SL, 

 caught in June, Aug., and Sept., NE Gulf of 

 Mexico). Marquez 1973 (distribution, biology, 

 fishery). * Powell 1975 (age, growth, reproduc- 

 tion; Florida). * Berrien and Finan 1977b (in 

 part; species synopsis). Klawe 1977:2 (com- 

 mon names, range). Fritzsche 1978:126-132 

 (description, larval development), figs. 70-74 

 (eggs, larvae, and juveniles). Collette 1978: 

 Scombm 5 (description, range), figs. Collette 

 et al. 1978:274-275 (comparison with other 

 American species of Scomberomorus ). Ma- 

 nooch et al. 1978 (annotated bibliography). 

 Pristas and Trent 1978:582-588 (most abundant 

 spring-fall; St. Andrew Bay, Fla.). Collette 

 1979:29 (characters, range). Collette and 

 Russo 1979:13 (diagnostic characters, range). 

 Trent and Anthony 1979 (commercial and rec- 

 reational fisheries in U.S.). Doi and Men- 

 dizabal 1979 (Mexican catch). Meaburn 1979 

 (heavy metal contamination). Hale 1979 (pres- 

 ervation technology). Amezcua-Linares and 

 Yahez-Arancibia 1980:86-90 (Campeche, Mex- 

 ico). McEachran et al. 1980 (larvae off Texas 

 coast). Sutherland and Fable 1980 (annual 

 migration from wintering grounds off S Florida 

 and Campeche to summer grounds along the N 

 coast of the Gulf of Mexico, return migration in 

 fall). Deardorff and Overstreet 1981 (larvae of 

 4 forms of the anisakid nematode Hysterothy- 

 lacium found in mesentary of specimens from 

 the Gulf of Mexico). Johnson 1981 (electro- 

 phoresis; NW Florida). Skow and Chittenden 

 1981 (differences between Atlantic coast and 

 Gulf of Mexico populations by hemoglobin elec- 

 trophoresis). Richardson and McEachran 1981 

 (larvae 1.8-2.9 mm SL, pigment characters, 

 measurements; Gulf of Mexico), fig. IB (2.1 mm 

 larva). Naughton and Saloman 1981 (stomach 

 contents of 344 juveniles, 117-432 mm FL; Cape 

 Canaveral, Fla., and Galveston, Tex.; diet main- 

 ly clupeoids). Adkins and Bourgeois 1982:12- 

 13, 32-35, 48 (gill net; Louisiana). Cressey et 

 al. 1983:264 (host-parasite list, 4 copepod spe- 

 cies). Collette and Nauen 1983:69-70 (descrip- 

 tion, range), fig. Saloman and Naughton 1983b 

 (food in U.S. waters). 



Types. — Scomber maeulatus Mitchill 1817 was 

 based on a 19-in (482.6 mm) fish from New York. 

 No types known to be extant. The figure (pi. 6, fig. 

 8) and description (about 20 yellowish spots deco- 



rate sides; more than half anterior part of first 

 dorsal fin black, remainder white) leave no doubt 

 as to identity of name. 



Diagnosis. — Scomberomorus maeulatus pos- 

 sesses nasal denticles as do the other five species of 

 the regalis group (brasiliensis, concolor, regalis, 

 sierra, and tritor) and has an artery branching 

 from the fourth left epibranchial artery as do all 

 the species in the group except S. tritor. Like S. 

 concolor, S. maeulatus lacks the shunt from the 

 fourth right epibranchial artery to the coeliaco- 

 mesenteric artery (Fig. 7c). It also has more 

 vertebrae (51-53) than any of the other five species 

 in the group (46-49). Intercalar spine absent as in 

 the other five species of the regalis group and S. 

 niphonius. 



Description. — Lateral line gradually descending 

 to midline on caudal peduncle. Intestine with two 

 folds and three limbs (Fig. 3h). Spines in first 

 dorsal fin 17-19, usually 18 (Table 9); second dorsal 

 fin rays 17-20, usually 18 or 19 (Table 10); dorsal 

 finlets 7-9, usually 8 or 9 (Table 10); anal fin rays 

 17-20, usually 19 or 20 (Table 11); anal finlets 7-10, 

 usually 8 or 9 (Table 11); pectoral fin rays 20-23, 

 usually 21 (Table 12). Precaudal vertebrae 21 or 

 22, usually 21 (Table 6); caudal vertebrae 30 or 31 

 (Table 7); total vertebrae 51-53, usually 51 or 52 

 (Table 8). Gill rakers on first arch (1-4)+ (8-13) = 

 10-16, usually 2 +(10-11) = 12-14 (Table 5). Mor- 

 phometry characters given in Table 20. 



Size. — Maximum size 77 cm FL, 4.8 kg (Beardsley 

 and Richards 1970). Sexual maturity in Florida is 

 attained by age II, at 25-32 cm FL for females, 28- 

 34 cm for males (Klima 1959). Length-weight 

 equations have been presented for populations in 

 Florida (Powell 1975) and Veracruz (Doi and 

 Mendizabal 1979). 



Color pattern. — Dark bluish above, silvery below, 

 sides marked with about three rows of round to 

 elliptical dark spots (Fig. 59), orange in life. First 

 dorsal fin black anteriorly and at distal margin 

 posteriorly, basal part of posterior membranes 

 white. 



There is a color painting of an S. maeulatus in 

 La Monte (1945:pl. 11, 1952:pl. 18), and a black and 

 white photograph of one in Jordan and Evermann 

 (1902). The drawing published by Goode (1884:pl. 

 93) is included here as Figure 59. 



Biology. — Summaries of biological information 



643 



