272 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 



Where the mackerel fislieries cease, as they do uear Cape Stat, other 

 very important fisheries commence in summer and autumn, and extend 

 as far as the Pohir Sea, giving the largest yields on tlie coast of Fhi- 

 mark. These are the so-called summer fisheries for ling {Lota moloa)^ 

 Brosmius hrosme, Gadus carhonariuSj halibut, flounder, and other deep- 

 water fish, which are carried on partly in open and partly in covered 

 boats with lines and hand-lines, and extend beyond the 10-mile limit. 

 The imi>ortance of these fisheries will appear from the fact that their 

 yield comprises about 10 per cent of the entire yield of the Norwegian 

 fisheries, and from 1809 to 1884 was valued at an average annual sum 

 of 2,458,000 crov\'ns [$658,744]. Of late years these fisheries have in- 

 creased considerably. The fish are prepared in various ways, salted or 

 dried. 



The salmon and salmon-trout fisheries carried on near the coast and 

 at the mouths of rivers have also increased very much since fresh sal- 

 mon on ice have been exported. Difierent kinds of apparatus are em- 

 ployed in the fisheries; stationary and drift nets, traps, lines, and fish- 

 hooks or spears. From 18G9 to 1884 the average annual yield was 

 360,000 kilograms* [806,884 pounds], valued at 387,000crowns[$103,710J. 

 The more important fishing stations are in the Skager Rack and in the 

 North Sea. 



Of special interest are the Norwegian fisheries in the Polar Sea, 

 which, exclusive of the spring cod and ling fisheries described above, 

 are principally carried on beyond the 10-mile limit, by open and covered 

 boats from Transoe, Hammerfest, and Yardoe. The most important fish 

 caught are Deljphinapterus leucas, Scymmis horealis, codfish ; beside seals, 

 walruses, and whales. The most important of these fisheries are the 

 whale fisheries, which are i^rincipally carried on in the Varanger Fiord 

 with steamers and harpoons fired from guns. After the fat has been 

 removed from the whale the rest of the body is worked into guano. 

 These fisheries have increased considerably during the last few years. 

 In 1878 only 135 whales were caught, valued at 266,000 crowns [$71,288] ; 

 while in 1883, 561 were caught, valued at 1,011,000 crowns [$270,948]. 

 Walrus fisheries and seal fisheries are during the summer carried on 

 near Spitzbergen, and from 1878 to 1884 yielded, on an average, annu- 

 ally 433 walruses and 8,120 seals, besides whitefish, polar bears, rein- 

 deer, and eider-down. The Scymnus borealis is caught with harpoons, 

 partly with open boats near the coast, and partly with covered boats 

 far out at sea. Its liver is used for preparing oil. From 1881 to 1884 

 there were annually engaged in these fisheries 22 open boats, each with 

 4 men, and 26 covered boats, each with 5 men. These fisheries yielded 

 on an average 4,713 hectoliters t [124,894 gallons] of oil, valued at 94,000 

 crowns [$25,192]. 



Oldenburg, Germany, Ju7ie, 1886. 



*A kilogram equals 2.2046 pounds. 



t A hectoliter equals about 26J United States standard or wino gallons. 



