308 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 



justed and secured. A small portable force-pump is uext fixed to a bole 

 iu tbc lid, aud tbe water is pumped iuto tbe cask, expeUing all air, 

 wbicb escapes at anotber little hole iu tbe lid. As soon as tbe cask is 

 completely full aud tbe air expelled tbe water begins to flow tbrougb 

 tbe latter aperture. An air tigbt cap is tben screwed tigbtly on this 

 bole to prevent any furtber escape. Tben tbe pump is once more set 

 to work forcing in water, until a gauge afi&xed to tbe pump shows a 

 pressure of 90 pounds to tbe square inch. By an ingenious contrivance 

 tbe second bole in the lid is now hermetically closed, and tbe force- 

 pump removed. The effect of tbe enormous pressure on the water is 

 to drive tbe chemical right into tbe veins and tissues of tbe fish, and so 

 prevent organic change in any part. So well is this done that the fish 

 will keep for any leugth of time, and may be sent with perfect safety 

 to any part of the world. 



A WAY OF EXTEEMINATING FISH IN FINLAND.* — Xearthe place where 

 the Lappo Eiver flows out of Lake Kuortane its water is compressed be- 

 tween two rocky mountain sides, aud forms a little fall. In midsum- 

 mer when tbe fish, especially the salmon which were strong enough, 

 have reached a dike which blocks up nearly tbe entire river, and have 

 gathered near the fall, a dam is constructed in the pass, with a small 

 opening which can be closed with a gate. A little lower and in calmer 

 water an obstruction is placed across the river, also with an oi)euiug 

 closed by a large net. Tbe gate in tbe dike is now closed, tbe water 

 falls, and with it some of the fish go iuto tbe net. The remaining fish 

 are driven into it by pushing and chasing them, or are caught with 

 band-nets, or killed with all sorts of weapons. When all the water has 

 run out, the net is taken up aud the upper gate is opened, whereby 

 a number offish are enticed to the returning water within tbe obstruc- 

 tion. Tbe same process is repeated several times within a few days. 

 In consequence the water iu tbe river several miles below begins to 

 fall, and tbe few salmon which still ascend the river gather iu tbe boles, 

 whence they either are taken alive or are clubbed to death. Men, 

 women, and children engage in this work of destruction. The same 

 scenes are repeated every year during midsummer, just about tbe time 

 when tbe bream has deposited its spawn. No one thinks of what is to 

 become of this spawn, which thus for two days lies dry, exposed to the 

 sun and air, nor of all the young fish which are thus destroyed. The 

 fishermen meanwhile very naively express their surprise at the fact that 

 tbe fisheries have decreased from year to year, so that this year not a 

 single salmon was caught. [From Sporten, Ilelsiugfors, Eussia, Sep- 

 tember 15, 188C.] 



Spawning of fish in confinement. — Sea-trout have been artifi- 

 ciallj' spawned with great success at tbe South Kensington aquarium, 

 even from fish tliat had been kept in captivity for three years aud had 

 never visited tbe sea. Tbe difterent species of tbe Salmonidcv living iu 



""■Oeksd ettfiske!" Translated from the Swedish by Herman Jacobson. 



