the PO and PV0,-2, as shown for C. warmingii (Fig. 194). The criteria were also quite variable 

 in specimens from other parts of the eastern Pacific — specimens in excellent condition and 

 without supraorbital luminous tissue. In many, the pectoral fins reached no further than to 

 AOa,., but in others to A0a4; also, particularly in the Hawaiian area, the luminous scales 

 under the Pre reached only to Vvc^ and Prcg, but on an occasionaly specimen to Prc^. 



A previously unreported character was found in specimens from the central and south- 

 eastern Pacific Ocean. A cap of black pigment covered the posterior portions of the luminous 

 scales above the pectoral fin, at PVO, and PVO,, at PO3 and PO4, above the pelvic origin, at 

 the posterior ends of the ventral "Y," above the anus, and at least on the last few scales below 

 the Pre series. These black-tipped luminous scales have thus far been found only on males from 

 near Juan Fernandez Island, Chile, and between there and Hawaii (indicated by "B" in Fig. 

 194); none of these specimens, all in excellent condition, bore supraorbital luminous tissue, 

 and on most the luminous scales extended to under Prc4. 



Thus, from the above findings, it is possible that C. townsendi is confined to the extreme 

 northeastern Pacific Ocean. Whether or not only C. warmingii or one or more closely related 

 species, occupies the rest of the eastern Pacific, or the entire ocean, must await detailed studies 

 on extensive material in good condition. As no very highly significant differences in counts and 

 body proportions were found between the two species, any valid differences may well depend 

 on number and kind of luminous scales on the body. 



Becker and Borodulina (1968) placed C. warmingii in the synonymy of C. townsendi and 

 concluded that the world population of the latter was variable. They also reported that only 

 specimens from the northeastern Pacific Ocean bore luminous tissue interorbitally. 



Gymnoscopelus Giinther, 1873 



Body elongate, moderately deep. Dn and Vn well developed. PO 5 or 6; P04 not elevated. 5 

 or 6 VO. First AOa always strongly elevated. No supracaudal or infracaudal luminous glands. 

 Body with variously arranged specks and small irregularly shaped patches of luminous tissue, 

 all highly deciduous, often in longitudinal rows. Pre varying in number from 4 to 9. Both PVO 

 below pectoral origin, except in subgenus Nasolychnus. 



Smith (1933) erected the subgenus Nasolychnus to contain at least two species of Gvw- 

 noscopelus which had the upper PVO well above the pectoral origin. 



Andriashev (1962) revised the genus Gymnoscopelus, largely from material collected by 

 the Russian vessels OBJ and SLAVA in far southern seas. The following key, data, and 

 illustrations are derived mainly from that revision. The portion for the subgenus Nasolychnus 

 was communicated to Andriashev by Rolf L. Bolin. 



Key to species of Gymnoscopelus 

 la. Upper PVO below level of pectoral origin. Lower PVO always behind vertical from upper 



PVO Subgenus Gymnoscopelus 2 



lb. Upper PVO well above level of pectoral origin. Lower PVO almost vertically below upper 



PVO Subgenus Nasolychnus 5 



2a. PLO midway between lateral line and pectoral origin 3 



2b. PLO nearer lateral line than to pectoral origin 4 



3a. Caudal peduncle longer than upper jaw. VLO nearer pelvic origin than to lateral line. Six 



to 9 Pre, the series usually continuous with AOp G. (G.) nicholsi 



3b. Caudal peduncle shorter than upper jaw. VLO about midway between lateral line and 



pelvic origin. Four to 5 Pre, the series continuous with AOp G. (G.) opisthopterus 



4a. Pre 7, the series not continuous with AOp. Total AO 17-19; total gill 



rakers 21-24 G (G.) bolini 



4b. Pre 4 to 5, the series continuous with AOp. Total AO 18-21; total gill rakers 23-25 (22- 



26) G- (G.) braueri 



209 



