Contents 



I MARINE 



BIOLOGICAL 



LABORATORY 



WOODS f^OLE. (ur7 



Letter 



Results in Brief 2 



Background 4 



The Four Federal Science Granting Agencies Made Efforts to 

 Ensure Complicince, but Three Have Not Conducted Required 

 Monitoring 8 



Women's Participation in the Sciences Has Increased Substantially 

 since the Early 1960s, but Their Representation in Mathematics 

 and Engineering Continues to Be Low 14 



Some Agencies and Grantees Have Activities That May Foster 



Greater Participation in the Sciences by Women 24 



Conclusions 28 



Recommendations for Executive Action 28 



Agency Comments and Our Evaluation 28 



Appendix I 



Objectives, Scope, and Methodology 



30 



Appendix II 



National Laboratories and Technology Centers 



32 



Appendix III 



Selected Legal Events and Cases Involving Title IX 



33 



Appendix IV 



Mathematics, Engineering, and Science Grant 

 Programs Funded by Education, Energy, NASA, 

 and NSF 



34 



Appendix V 



Comparison of Enrollment Status 



36 



Appendix VI 



Comparison of Enrollment and Degrees Earned 



38 



Appendix VII 



Comments from the Department of Education 



40 



Page i 



GAO-04-639 Gender Issues 



