244 



Fishery Bulletin 103(2) 



Literature cited 



Alonzo, S. H., and M. Mangel. 



2004. Size-selective fisheries, sperm limitation and 

 spawning per recruit in sex changing fish. Fish. Bull. 

 102:1-13. 

 Apostolaki, P., E. J. Milner-Gulland, M. K. McAllister, and 

 G. P. Kirkwood. 



2002. Modelling the effects of establishing a marine 

 reserve for mobile fish species. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. 

 Sci. 59:405-415. 

 Armsworth, P. R. 



2001. Effects of fishing on a protogynous hermaphro- 

 dite. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58:568-578. 

 Bannerot, S., W. F. Fox, and J. E. Powers. 



1987. Reproductive strategies and the management 

 of snappers and groupers in the gulf of Mexico and 

 Caribbean. In Tropical snappers and groupers: biology 

 and fisheries management, t J. J. Polovina and S. Ralston, 

 eds.), p. 561-603. Westview Press, Boulder, CO. 

 Beets, J., and A. Friedlander. 



1999. Evaluation of a conservation strategy: a spawn- 

 ing aggregation closure for red hind, Epinephelus gut- 

 tatus, in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Environ. Biol. Fish. 

 55:91-98. 

 Beverton, R. J. H. 



1987. Longevity in fish: some ecological and evolution- 

 ary considerations. In Evolution of longevity in ani- 

 mals. (A. D. Woodhead and K.H. Thompson, eds.) p. 

 161-185. Plenum Press, New York, NY. 

 Beverton, R. J. H. 



1992. Patterns of reproductive strategy parameters in 

 some marine teleost fishes. J. Fish Biol. 41 (Suppl. 

 B) 41:137-160. 

 Breden, F., D. Novinger, and A. Schubert. 



1995. The effect of experience on mate choice in the 

 Trinidad guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Environ. Biol. 

 Fish. 42:323-328. 



Brule, T. C. Deniel, T. Colas-Marrufo, and M. Sanchez-Crespo. 

 1999. Red grouper reproduction in the southern Gulf of 

 Mexico. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 128:385-402. 

 Charnov, E. L. 



1982. The theory of sex allocation, 355 p. Princeton 



Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ. 

 1986. Size advantage may not always favor sex change. J. 

 Theor. Biol. 119:283-285. 

 Charnov, E. L., and J. J. Bull. 



1989. Non-Fisherian sex ratios with sex change and envi- 

 ronmental sex determination. Nature 338:148-150. 

 Coleman. F. C, A. Eklund. and C. B. Grimes. 



1999. Management and conservation of temperate reef 

 fishes in the grouper-snapper complex of the southeast- 

 ern United States. Am. Fish. Soc. Sym. 23:233-242. 

 Coleman, F. C, C. C. Koenig, and L. A. Collins. 



1996. Reproductive styles of shallow-water groupers 

 (Pisces: Serranidae) in the eastern Gulf of Mexico and 

 the consequences of fishing spawning aggregations. En- 

 viron. Biol. Fish. 47:129-141. 



Collins, L. A., A. G. Johnson, and C. P. Keim. 



1996. Spawning and annual fecundity of the red snap- 

 per iLutjanus campechanus) from the northeastern 

 Gulf of Mexico. In Biology, fisheries, and culture 

 of tropical groupers and snappers (F. Arreguin-San- 

 chez, J. L. Munro, M. C. Balgos, and D. Pauly, eds.) p. 

 174-188. ICLARM (International Center for Living 



Aquatic Resources Management! conference proceedings 

 48, ICLARM, Makati City, Philippines. 

 Constable, A. J., W. K. de la Mare, D. J. Agnew, I. Everson, and 

 D. Miller. 



2000. Managing fisheries to conserve the Antarctic 

 marine ecosystem: practical implementation of the con- 

 vention on the conservation of Antarctic marine living 

 resources (CCAMLR). ICES J. Mar. Sci. 57:778-791. 

 Cowen, R. K. 



1985. Large-scale pattern of recruitment by the labrid, 

 Semicossyphus pulcher: causes and implications. J. 

 Mar. Res. 43:719-742. 

 1990. Sex change and life history patterns of the labrid, 

 Semicossyphus pulcher, across an environmental 

 gradient. Copeia 1990:787-795. 

 Cowen, R. K., K. M. M. Lwiza, S. Sponaugle, C. B. Paris, and 

 D. B. Olson. 



2000. Connectivity of marine populations: open or 

 closed? Science 287:857-859. 



Fu, C, T. J. Quinn, II. and T. C. Shirley. 



2001. The role of sex change, growth and mortality in 

 Panda/us population dynamics and management. ICES 

 J. Mar. Sci. 58:607-6*21. 



Fulton, E., D. Kault, B. Mapstone, and M. Sheaves. 



1999. Spawning season influences on commercial 

 catch rates: computer simulations and Plectropomus 

 leopardus. a case in point. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 

 56:1096-1108. 



Greene. C. J. LTmbanhowar, M. Mangel, and T. Caro. 



1998. Animal breeding systems, hunter selectivity, and 

 consumptive use in wildlife conservation. In Behav- 

 ioral ecology and conservation biology (T. Caro, ed.) p. 

 271-305. Oxford Univ. Press, New York, NY. 



Gunderson, D. R. 



1997. Trade-off between reproductive effort and adult 

 survival in oviparous and viviparous fishes. Can. J. 

 Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54:990-998. 

 Haddon, M. 



2001. Modelling and quantitative methods in fisheries, 

 406 p. Chapman and Hall, Boca Raton, FL. 

 Helfman, G. S. 



1997. The diversity of fishes, 528 p. Blackwell Science, 

 Maiden, MA. 

 Huntsman, G. R., and W. E. Schaaf. 



1994. Simulation of the impact of fishing on reproduc- 

 tion of a protogynous grouper, the graysby. No. Am. 

 J. Fish. Manag. 14:41-52. 

 Iwasa, Y. 



1990. Sex change evolution and cost of reproduction. Be- 

 hav. Ecol. 2:56-68. 

 Janetos, A. C. 



1980. Strategies of female mate choice: a theoretical 

 analysis. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 7:107-112. 

 Jennings, S., M. J. Kaiser, and J. D. Reynolds. 



2001. Marine fisheries ecology, 417 p. Blackwell Sci- 

 ence, Oxford, UK. 

 Koeller, P., R. Mohn, and M. Etter. 



2000. Density dependant sex change in northern shrimp, 

 Pandalus borealis, on the Scotian Shelf. J. No. Atl. 

 Fish. Sci. 27:107-118. 



Kruuk, L. E. B., T. H. Clutton-Brock, S. D. Albon, J. M. Pember- 

 ton, and F. E. Guinness. 



1999. Population density affects sex ratio variation in 

 red deer. Nature 399:459-461. 



