FISHERY BULLETIN: VOL. 80, NO. 3 



lavauxi, if Fagetti and Campodonico's species 

 was misidentified. These differences raise the 

 possibility that the New Zealand (Wear 1970) 

 and Chilean (Fagetti and Campodonico 1971) 

 forms of C. lavauxi are subspecies, assuming 

 that Griffin is correct in restricting C. punctatus 

 to South Africa. On the other hand, the Chilean 

 specimens may indeed have been correctly iden- 

 tified as C. punctatus, thus accounting for the 

 observed differences in the larvae, as well as 

 reinstating the Juan Fernandez Islands as the 

 westernmost zoogeographical boundary for the 

 species. Until further data are available, we will 

 consider Fagetti and Campodonico's species to 

 be correctly identified as C. punctatus, so that we 

 may compare the morphological features of this 

 species with others in the genus. 



The aforementioned confusion, and the wide- 

 spread occurrence of C. integer, as well as its 

 close morphological relationship to C. escondi- 

 densis, its Central American analog, all illus- 

 trate the importance of determining the larval 

 development of these species. Accomplishing 

 this would facilitate identification of their re- 

 spective larvae in the plankton and also allow 

 comparisons of morphological features in zoeal 

 and megalopal stages. The latter stages provide 

 a means of elucidating phylogenetic relation- 

 ships both intra- and intergenerically among 

 the Grapsidae. Accordingly, in this paper we 

 describe and illustrate the complete larval devel- 

 opment of Cyclograpsus integer and compare 

 salient characters shared by the zoeae and mega- 

 lopae in C. punctatus, C. cinereus from the New 

 World, and C. lavauxi and C. insularum first 

 zoeae from the Indo-West Pacific. 



MATERIALS AND METHODS 



Three ovigerous females (carapace width 7.0, 

 9.3, 10.4 mm) were collected among medium- 

 sized cobbles in the high intertidal zone at Bod- 

 den Town, Grand Cayman Island, on 15 July 

 1980. Following previous methodology (Gore 

 1968), the crabs were maintained in 19 cm diame- 

 ter glass bowls filled with seawater (34 %o) and 

 fed Artemia spp. nauplii daily until hatching 

 occurred on 25, 28, and 29 July 1980 (largest to 

 smallest female, respectively). A total of 192 lar- 

 vae were cultured in eight 24-compartmented 

 polystyrene trays, one larva per compartment. 

 The eight trays were maintained in controlled 

 temperature units in a diel fluorescent light 

 cycle of 12 h light, 12 h dark. A total of 144 larvae 



(72 at each temperature) were cultured at 20° 

 and 25°C (±0.5°C). Another 48 larvae were main- 

 tained at 15°C (±0.5°C). Seawater (34-36 %.) was 

 changed and the larvae were fed Artemia nauplii 

 daily. All dead larvae, molts, and representative 

 live specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol. 

 Descriptions and illustrations were made with 

 the aid of dissecting stereomicroscope and com- 

 pound microscope with camera lucida attach- 

 ments, using specimens from all three hatches. 

 Measurements are the arithmetic mean of all 

 specimens examined in a given stage. Carapace 

 length was measured from the base of the ros- 

 trum to the posterior margin of the carapace, 

 lateral view in zoeae and dorsal view in mega- 

 lopae. Carapace width in the latter was mea- 

 sured dorsally across the widest part of the cara- 

 pace. In all descriptions, setal formulae progress 

 distally. 



The first 4 zoeal stages are denoted as ZI to 

 ZIV. One series of fifth zoeal stages (ZVu; ulti- 

 mate) molted directly to megalopa stage; another 

 (ZVp; penultimate) molted to a sixth (Z VI) stage. 

 The morphological differences in these two 

 forms are noted in the text. 



A complete larval series and/or their molts is 

 deposited in the National Museum of Natural 

 History, Washington, D.C. (USNM 184669); the 

 Allan Hancock Foundation, University of South- 

 ern California, Los Angeles (AHF 2328-1); the 

 British Museum (Natural History), London 

 (1981-447); the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke 

 Historie, Leiden (D-34220); the Museum Na- 

 tional d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (M. N.H.N. - 

 B7294, 7295); and the Indian River Coastal Zone 

 Museum, Fort Pierce, Fla. (IRCZM 89:5096). 

 The adult females are divided among the Na- 

 tional Museum of Natural History, the Indian 

 River Coastal Zone Museum, and the Paris 

 Museum. 



RESULTS OF 

 THE REARING EXPERIMENT 



Temperature not only influences the duration 

 of larval development within stages, but also 

 affects the number of zoeal stages attained 

 (Table 1, Fig. 1). At the warmer temperature 

 (25°C) either 5, or occasionally 6, zoeal stages 

 occurred. However, the single first crab stage 

 was reached after 37 d in the laboratory by a 

 megalopa which molted from a stage V zoea. Of 3 

 other stage V zoeae that molted to stage VI, only 

 2 eventually reached megalopa and none sur- 



502 



