WALTZ ET AL.: BIOLOGY OF THE WHITEBONE PORGY 



yet been documented for sparids or serranids. 



The South Carolina offshore trawl fishery is 

 highly seasonal. Landings are greatest during 

 the winter months after the closing of the shrimp 

 season. Calamus leucosteus is the third or fourth 

 most abundant species by weight in trawler 

 landings. These are primarily age IV-VI fish. 

 Red porgy and vermilion snapper are the most 

 abundant trawl-caught commercial fish. 



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 



We thank all MARMAP field personnel, Cap- 

 tain J. V. Causby, and the crew of the RV Dolphin 

 for aid in specimen collection. D. Stubbs and P. 

 K. Ashe processed, mounted, and stained gonad- 

 al tissue. G. Ulrich and D. Oakley provided catch 

 statistics and commercial length-frequency 

 samples. A. G. Gash, N. Kopacka, and D. 

 Machowski aided in data processing techniques. 

 K. Swanson drew the figures. M. Maddox (Col- 

 lege of Charleston) helped with photomicro- 

 graphs and B. J. Ashby typed the manuscript. 

 V. G. Burrell, Jr. and R. A. Low reviewed the 

 manuscript. This work is a result of research 

 sponsored by the National Marine Fisheries 

 Service (MARMAP Program Office) under Con- 

 tract 6-35147 and by the South Carolina Wild- 

 life and Marine Resources Department. 



LITERATURE CITED 



Beamish, R. J. 



1979. Differences in the age of Pacific hake (Merluccius 

 productus) using whole otoliths and sections of otoliths. 

 J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 36:141-151. 

 Bertalanffy, L. von. 



1938. A quantitative theory of organic growth. (In- 

 quiries on growth laws. II.) Hum. Biol. 10:181-213. 

 Bliss, C. I. 



1967. Statistics in biology. Statistical methods for re- 

 search in the natural sciences, Vol. 1. McGraw-Hill, 

 N.Y., 558 p. 

 Combs, R. M. 



1969. Embryogenesis, histology and organology of the 

 ovary of Brevoortia patronus. Gulf Res. Rep. 2:333-434. 

 EVERHART, W. H., A. W. ElPPER, AND W. D. YOUNGS. 



1975. Principles of fishery science. Cornell Univ. Press, 

 Lond., 288 p. 

 Fischer, W. (editor). 



1978. FAO species identification sheets for fishery pur- 

 poses. Western Central Atlantic (fishing area 31). 

 Food and Agricultural Organization of the United 

 Nations, Rome, Vol. 5, pag. var. 

 Grimes, C. B. 



1978. Age, growth, and length-weight relationship of 

 vermilion snapper, Rhomboplites aurorubens, from 

 North Carolina and South Carolina waters. Trans. 

 Am. Fish. Soc. 107:454-456. 



Grosslein, M. D. 



1969. Groundfish survey program of BCF Woods Hole. 

 Commer. Fish. Rev. 31(8-9):22-30. 

 Helwig, J. T., and K. A. Council (editors). 



1979. SAS user's guide. 1979 ed. SAS Inst., Inc., 

 N.C., 494 p. 



Hilge, V. 



1977. On the determination of the stages of gonad ripe- 

 ness in female bony fishes. Meeresforschung 25(1976- 

 1977):149-155. 



HlLLIER, A. J. 



1974. URI high rise series bottom trawl manual. Univ. 

 Rhode Island, Mar. Bull. 20, 6 g. 



Humason, G. L. 



1972. Animal tissue techniques. 3d ed. W. H. Freeman 

 and Co., San Franc, Calif., 641 p. 



Hyder, M. 



1969. Histological studies on the testis of Tilapia leuco- 

 sticta and other species of the genus Tilapia (Pisces: 

 Teleostei). Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 88:211-231. 

 Jordan, D. S., and C. H. Gilbert. 



1884. A review of the species of the genus Calamus. 

 Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 7:14-24. 

 Manooch, C. S., III. 



1976. Reproductive cycle, fecundity, and sex ratios of the 

 red porgy, Pagrus pagrus (Pisces: Sparidae) in North 

 Carolina. Fish. Bull., U.S. 74:775-781. 

 Manooch, C. S., Ill, and G. R. Huntsman. 



1976. Age, growth, and mortality of the red porgy, Pag- 

 rus pagrus. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 106:26-33. 

 Mercer, L. P. 



1978. The reproductive biology and population dynamics 

 of black sea bass, Centropristis striata. Ph.D. Thesis, 

 College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va., 211 



P- 

 Moe, M. A., Jr. 



1969. Biology of the red grouper, Epinephelus morio 

 (Valenciennes), from the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Fla. 

 Dep. Nat. Resour. Mar. Res. Lab., Prof. Pap. 10, 95 p. 



Poole, J. C. 



1961. Age and growth of the fluke in Great South Bay 



and their significance to the sport fishery. N.Y. Fish 



Game J. 8(1):1-18. 

 Powles, H., and C. A. Barans. 



1980. Groundfish monitoring in sponge-coral areas off 

 the southeastern United States. Mar. Fish. Rev. 42(5): 

 21-35. 



Reinboth, R. 



1970. Intersexuality in fishes. Mem. Soc. Endocrinol. 

 (Hormones and the Environment) 18:515-543. 



RlCKER, W. E. 



1973. Linear regressions in fishery research. J. Fish. 

 Res. Board Can. 30:409-434. 



1975. Computation and interpretation of biological sta- 

 tistics of fish populations. Fish. Res. Board Can. Bull. 

 191, 382 p. 



Robertson, D. R., and R. R. Warner. 



1978. Sexual patterns in the labroid fishes of the Western 



Caribbean, II: The parrotfishes (Scaridae). Smithson. 



Contrib. Zool. 255, 26 p. 

 Smith, C. L. 



1965. The patterns of sexuality and the classification of 



serranid fishes. Am. Mus. Novit. 2207, 20 p. 

 1975. The evolution of hermaphroditism in fishes. InR. 



Reinboth (editor), Intersexuality in the animal kingdom, 



p. 295-310. Springer- Verlag, N.Y. 



873 



