GORE an<1 SCOTTO: LARVAL DEVELOPMENT I »F CY( 7 OGRAPSl 'S INTEGER 



illustrated. Second to fourth pereopods elongate, 

 similar, each with distoventral tooth on propodus 

 and 4 ventral teeth on dactyl. Fifth pereopod 

 dactyl with 3 [3 or 4] long pectinate setae (= 

 brachyuran feelers). 



Antennule (Fig. 8A).— Biramous, peduncle 3- 

 segmented, extremely enlarged, bulbous basal 

 segment with 2 or 3 [3-5] setae, middle segment 

 much smaller ovoid, with 2 or 3 [3 or 4] setae, dis- 

 tal segment larger than middle, expanded dis- 

 tally, naked. Flagellar lower ramus 1-segmented, 

 3 terminal, 1 subterminal setae; upper ramus 4- 

 segmented, tiered aesthetascs usually arranged 

 (0)(6), (6, plus 1 lateral seta), (5, plus 1 terminal 

 seta). 



Antenna (Fig. 8B).— Peduncle with 2-4 distal 

 setae; flagella with setation 1,2,0,0,2-3, 0,5,3,3, 

 [1,2,0,0,4,0,4-5,3,3-4]. 



Mandible (Fig. 8C).— Incisor process smooth, 

 spatulate; molar process elongate, tubular; palp 

 2-segmented with 0,9 setae. 



Maxillule (Fig. 8D).— Endopodite irregularly 

 shaped, with 4 distal, 2 or 3 lateral setae; basal 

 endite with 12 spines, 12-14 setae [25-29], coxal 

 endite with 8 spines plus 2 rows of about 9 or 10 

 processes each [32] arranged in tiers as illus- 

 trated. Basal margin with 4 [3-5] long setae. 



Maxilla (Fig. 8E).— Endopodite unsegmented, 2 

 [3] setae on lower lateral margin. Basal endites 

 with 9-11, 12-14, [10-12, 13-16] processes, coxal 

 endites with 7, 18-20 [8 or 9, 20-22] processes. 

 Scaphognathite with 61-62 marginal setae plus 5 

 laterally on the blade as shown [70-72 plus 5]. 



Maxilliped 1 (Fig. 8F).— Exopodite 2-segmented, 

 with 2 distal, 4 terminal setae. Endopodite irre- 

 gularly shaped, unsegmented, 4-8 setae scat- 

 tered over length. Basal endite with 13-17 [15- 

 17], coxal endite with 17-20, setae. Epipodite 

 with 9 or 10 [13-18] long, aesthetascoid processes. 



Maxilliped 2 (Fig. 8G). — Exopodite 2-segmented, 

 2 lateral, 4 terminal setae. Endopodite 5-seg- 

 mented setation progressing distally 3-7, 1, 1, 3 

 or 4, 6 or 7. Epipodite with 4-7 distal, 1 proximal, 

 aesthetascoid processes, [9-11, plus 1]. Protopo- 

 dite setae not determined. 



Maxilliped 3 (Fig. 8H). — Exopodite 2-segmented 



with 5 or 6 proximal, 4 or 5 terminal setae; endo- 

 podite 5-segmented setae progressing distally 

 16-18, 12 or 13, 8-10, 10 or 11, 6 or 7 [18-20, 13,8- 

 12, 9-12, 8], protopodite with 21 or 22 [22-26] 

 setae, epipodite with 21-26 aesthetascoid pro- 

 cesses distally plus 8or9setaeproximally [30-32, 

 plus 8-11]. 



Color. — Innumerable spidery orange and brown 

 chromatophores completely covering cephalo- 

 thorax, abdomen, pereopods, eyestalks, and all 

 feeding appendages. 



DISCUSSION 



Zoeal Stages 



The complete larval development of <20% of 

 the known species of Cyclograpsus has been 

 studied, and zoeal stages within the genus will be 

 difficult to identify in the plankton. Larvae of the 

 genus are unusual in several respects; therefore, 

 some morphological and developmental charac- 

 ters may yet prove to be of aid in identification. 

 For example, in at least two species (('. integer 

 and C. cine reus) lateral carapace spines are lack- 

 ing in the first stage, but appear in all later 

 stages (Costlow and Fagetti 1967). Within the 

 genus, some form of armature occurs on the ven- 

 trolateral carapace margin, either as spines, 

 small teeth, setae, or a combination of these. In 

 general, teeth or spines occur in the early stages 

 and are replaced by setae as development pro- 

 ceeds. The number and time of appearance of 

 these processes seems to be species specific 

 (Table 2; and summary in Fagetti and Campo- 

 donico 1971). In addition to the ventrolateral 

 processes, later larval stages of all species of 

 Cyclograpsus studied to date bear some form of 

 setation of spination on the posterior middorsal 

 margin of the carapace above the insertion of the 

 abdomen. In C. cinereus, this takes the form of 

 paired spines in the second and subsequent zoeal 

 stages (Costlow and Fagetti 1967); in C. puncta- 

 tus, a similar situation appears in the third and 

 later stages (Fagetti and Campodonico 1971). 

 whereas in C. integer, 3 setae appear in the third 

 and subsequent stages. 



Unfortunately, the characters noted above are 

 not restricted to Cyclograpsus but are shared, at 

 least in part, among zoeae of several other genera 

 in the four grapsid subfamilies. For instance, 

 several genera in the Grapsinae, Varuninae. and 

 Sesarminae have zoeal stages which lack lateral 



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