FISHERY BULLETIN: VOL. 80, NO. 1 



Table 3.— Continual. 



Measurement 



C. cornutus 



C. gymnorhinus 



C. spilopterus 



E. crossotus 



Caudal peduncle depth/BL 



Flexion 



Postflexion 



Early juvenile 



Midjuvenile 

 Upper jaw length/HL 



Preflexion 



Flexion 



Postflexion 



Early juvenile 



Midjuvenile 

 Lower jaw length/HL 



Preflexion 



Flexion 



Postflexion 



Early juvenile 



Midjuvenile 

 Snout length/HL 



Preflexion 



Flexion 



Postflexion 



Early juvenile 



Midjuvenile 

 Eye diameter/HL 



Preflexion 



Flexion 



Postflexion 



Early juvenile 



Midjuvenile 



11.4+1.4(8.4-13.8) 

 12.7±0.6(11.6-13 8) 



37.4+2.7(32.6-40.7) 

 36.0+1.8(33.2-39 1) 

 34.4+1.6(31 6-36.6) 



48.0+4.9(41.0-56.5) 

 45.5±2.9(39.5-51.4) 

 45.9+1.1(43.6-47.7) 



22.4+1 5(20 2-25.2) 

 23.0+2.0(19.3-27.2) 

 22.3+2.3(18.4-25 5) 



35.6±2 .1(31.0-39.6) 

 32.2+2.1(29.6-37.5) 

 29 9+1.5(26 3-31.7) 



11.6+1.6(9.3-14.4) 

 13.2±0. 7(12.2-14. 7) 



38.3+2.0(34.9-40.9) 

 33.3+2.1(29.2-37.6) 

 32.6+1.9(29.4-37.5) 



46.5+3 2(42.7-51.2) 

 45.6±2. 2(42. 5-49.6) 

 44.5+1.8(40 2-46.8) 



20 8+4.1(15 4-26.8) 

 20.9+1.6(19.0-24.6) 

 21.3±1. 9(17.6-24 0) 



35 4+2.2(32 3-38.2) 

 31.9±2.7(27.8-39.1) 

 30.6+1 6(27.4-33.9) 



14.4±1.6(13.1-16 2) 

 13.5±0.5(12.7-14.3) 

 13.6+0.6(12.2-14.6) 

 11.4±0.6(10.0-12.3) 



35.6 



27.2+2.4(24.7-29.4) 

 28.1+2.2(24.0-33.8) 

 28.7+1.5(25.4-31.3) 

 36.2+1.4(33.9-38 4) 



43.3 



37.5±1. 4(35.9-38 6) 



38.2+1.7(35.9-41.5) 



40 5±2 1(36.9-44.1) 



52.6+1.5(50 9-55 9) 



269 



28 8+3 3(25 0-31.2) 

 27.0±2.5(23.2-31.4) 

 23.0±2.3(18.3-27.1) 

 19.9+1.7(17.5-22 5) 



34.6 



29 9+0.5(29.4-30.3) 

 27.1+2.0(23.4-31.1) 

 26.8±2.0(23. 1-30.0) 

 27.8±1 6(26.4-31.2) 



9.6+3 0(4 7-13.4) 

 12.6+0.6(11.8-13.4) 



299 



27.2+2.4(21.6-30 5) 

 26 9±1. 1(24. 7-27 6) 



41.1 



36.3±3.2(30 8-46 8) 

 37.2+1 .5(35.4-39 0) 



224 



24.3+1.9(21.0-28 0) 

 25 9±2.7(22.3-29 1) 



31.8 



26.0+1.8(22.0-30.6) 

 23 6+0.4(23.3-24 3) 



BL increases from 34% (preflexion) to 44% (flex- 

 ion) and then decreases slightly to 41% (post- 

 flexion). Larval body depth at loop of gut/BL 

 increases from 34% (preflexion) to 48% (flexion 

 and postflexion). Larval body depth at anus/BL 

 increases greatly from 28% to 47%. Larval body 

 depth at third hemal spine/BL increases greatly 

 from 16% to 39%. Adult body depth/BL is 46%, 

 range 43-50%. Larval caudal peduncle depth/BL 

 increases from 11.4% (flexion) to 12.7% (postflex- 

 ion). Adult caudal peduncle depth/BL is 10.5%, 

 range 9.7-11.4%. 



Fin and Axial Skeleton Formation 



Development of the caudal skeleton of C. cor- 

 nutus from larva to juvenile (Fig. 2A-E) is typi- 

 cal of the four species described in this paper. 

 The major difference among them is the rate of 

 development. Flexion is complete at about 7-8 

 mm in C. gymnorhinus and C. spilopterus and at 

 about 9-10 mm in C. cornutus and E. crosso- 

 tus. 



During preflexion, before caudal formation 

 (2.2-4.5 mm NL), the notochord is straight and 

 there is no evidence of hypural formation. Dur- 

 ing early caudal formation (4.6-5.7 mm NL, Fig. 

 2A) the notochord is straight and the outline of 

 incipient hypurals 2+3 and 4+5 are visible, but 

 neither hypurals nor incipient caudal rays are 

 calcified. 



During early flexion (6.0 mm NL, Fig. 2B) the 

 notochord begins to turn upward. Hypurals 2+3 

 and 4+5 (sometimes hypural 1) and caudal rays 

 begin to stain with alizarin, and the last neural 

 and hemal spines stain with alizarin. Caudal 

 rays form in about equal numbers dorsally and 

 ventrally during flexion, beginning at the 

 posteroventral corner of hypural 4+5 and the 

 posterodorsal corner of hypural 2+3. The 6.0 mm 

 specimen (Fig. 2B) was the smallest in which 

 calcification of caudal rays had begun. During 

 midflexion (6.1-6.4 mm NL, Fig. 2C) the noto- 

 chord is S-shaped and hypurals 1 and 6 and the 

 epural begin to stain with alizarin. During late 

 flexion (6.4-8.9 mm NL, Fig. 2D) the notochord 

 tip points upward and is nearly flexed but is still 

 in contact with hypural 6 and the epural; all 

 hypurals stain with alizarin and the last neural 

 spine touches hypural 6. All rays are formed by 

 about 7.5 mm NL. 



When flexion is complete (10.4-17.4 mm SL, 

 Fig. 2E) the urostyle is separate from hypural 6 

 and the epural, and all caudal rays stain with 

 alizarin. Fusion of the epural with hypural 6, and 

 fusion of hypural 4+5 with the urostyle occur at 

 about the time of transformation. The terminol- 

 ogy of Amaoka (1969) is followed here; however, 

 actual fusion of hypurals 2 with 3 and 4 with 5 

 was not observed. 



The adult caudal skeleton of C. cornutus (Fig. 

 3A) is composed of a urostyle, or terminal half 



44 



