Q 



5» 



O 



BAILEY: EARLY LIFE HISTORY OF PACIFIC HAKE 



1.6 



1.4 

 — 1.2 



e 

 e 



x 1.0 

 .8 



.6 

 A 

 .2 r 



Scomber 



y 



£". ringens 



£. mordax 



J L 



J L 



2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 



LENGTH (mm) 

 Figure 10.— Mouth sizes of larvae of hake, mackerel, anchovy, and cod by length class (Hunter 1980). 



Kimbrell 1980) and northern anchovy (Zweifel 

 and Lasker 1976), Pacific hake spend a longer 

 time in vulnerable stages. Consequently, preda- 

 tion pressure on hake eggs and larvae may be 

 high. 



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 



I thank W. Wooster, D. Gunderson, M. Till- 

 man, and two reviewers for editing and com- 

 menting on the manuscript. I further thank R. 

 Methot for instruction in reading otoliths and J. 

 Yen, J. Hunter, and R. Francis for helpful dis- 

 cussions. G. Moser, E. Ahlstrom, and A. Alva- 

 rino provided the vertical series samples, and J. 

 Yen, G. Stauffer, and P. Smith provided oppor- 

 tunities for field sampling. Financial support 

 was given by the Northwest and Alaska Fisher- 

 ies Center. 



LITERATURE CITED 



Ahlstrom, E. H. 



1959. Vertical distribution of pelagic fish eggs and lar- 

 vae off California and Baja California. U.S. Fish 

 Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 60:107-146. 

 Brodskii, K. A. 



1967. Calanoids of the far eastern seas and polar basins 

 of the USSR. (Trans, from Russian by A. Mercado.) 

 Isr. Program Sci. Transl., Jerusalem, 440 p. 



Carritt, D. E., and J. H. Carpenter. 



1966. Comparison and evaluation of currently employed 

 modifications of the Winkler method for determining 

 dissolved oxygen in seawater; a NASCO report. J. 

 Mar. Res. 24:286-318. 



ClECHOMSKI, J. D. DE, AND G. WEISS. 



1974. Estudios sobre la almentacion de larvas de la mer- 

 luza, Merluccius mertuccius Hubbsi y de la anchoita, 

 Engraulis anchoita en el mar. Physis Rev. Asoc. 

 Argent. Cienc. Nat. Buenos Aires 33:199-208. 



Conover, W. J. 



1971. Practical nonparametric statistics. Wiley, N.Y., 

 462 p. 



Dagg, M. J. 



1976. Complete carbon and nitrogen budgets for the car- 

 nivorous amphipod, Calliopius laeviusculus (Kroyer). 

 Int. Rev. Ges. Hydrobiol. 61:297-357. 



Feigenbaum, D. 



1979. Daily ration and specific daily ration of the chae- 

 tognath Sagitta e?>flata. Mar. Biol. (Berl.) 54:75-82. 



Fulton, J. 



1968. A laboratory manual for identification of British 

 Columbia marine zooplankton. Fish. Res. Board Can. 

 Tech. Rep. 55, 141 p. 

 Healy, M. C. 



1972. Bioenergetics of a sandy goby (Gobius minutus) 

 population. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 29:187-194. 



Hunter, J. R. 



1980. The feeding behavior and ecology of marine fish 

 larvae. In J. E. Bardach (editor), The physiological and 

 behavioral manipulation of food fish as production and 

 management tools. Int. Cent. Living Aquat. Res. Man- 

 age., Manila. 



Hunter. J. R., and C. A. Kimbrell. 



1980. Early life history of Pacific mackerel. Scomber 



597 



