FISHERY BULLETIN: VOL. 80, NO. 4 



al. 1969), Japanese eel (Arai et al. 1972a), red sea 

 bream (Yone 1975), turbot (Adron et al. 1978), 

 and gilthead bream, Spams aurata (Kissil et al. 

 1981). Coates and Halver (1958) mentioned sev- 

 eral pyridoxine deficiency symptoms for coho 

 salmon including nervous disorders, hyperirri- 

 tability, poor appetite, indifference to light, and 

 rapid occurrence of postmortem rigor mortis. 

 Halver (1957) reported the following additional 

 pyridoxine deficiency symptoms for chinook 

 salmon: ataxia, edema of peritoneal cavity, color- 

 less serous fluid, blue-green coloration on dorsal 

 surface, and excessive flexing of opercles. Clini- 

 cal signs of pyridoxine deficiency in rainbow 

 trout include hyperirritability, nervous dis- 

 orders, erratic and rapid swimming, flexing of 

 opercles, greenish-blue coloration, and tetany, 

 just before death (C. E. Smith et al. 1974). Pyri- 

 doxine-deficient rainbow trout displayed normo- 

 cytic, normochromic anemia, indicating that 

 pyridoxine has a function in maintenance of 

 normal erythropoiesis in this species (C. E. Smith 

 et al. 1974). Also, rainbow trout fed pyridoxine- 

 def icient diets for 7 d had lower aspartate amino- 

 transferase activity in white muscle, whereas 

 liver aspartate and alanine aminotransferase 

 activity was reduced after 28 d (Jurss 1978, 1981). 

 Pyridoxine deficiency symptoms in channel cat- 

 fish fingerlings included nervous disorders, er- 

 ratic swimming, opercle extension, and tetany 

 (Dupree 1966). Andrews and Murai (1979) con- 

 firmed a pyridoxine requirement for channel 

 catfish fingerlings, reporting that fish fed pyri- 

 doxine-deficient diets displayed anorexia, ner- 

 vous disorders, tetany, and blue-green coloration 

 on the dorsal surface. No anemia was detected in 

 pyridoxine-deficient individuals, whereas a mi- 

 crocytic, normochromic anemia was observed in 

 channel catfish fed 20 mg/kg or greater of pyri- 

 doxine. Chinook salmon fingerlings fed a high 

 protein diet (65%) require about 15 mg pyridox- 

 ine/kg diet for optimal growth and disease re- 

 sistance to Vibrio anguillarum (Hardy et al. 

 1979). 



Quantitative pyridoxine requirements are 

 known for channel catfish, red sea bream, gilt- 

 head bream, turbot, and common carp. Channel 

 catfish fingerlings require a minimum of 4.2 mg 

 pyridoxine/kg dry diet for maximal growth (An- 

 drews and Murai 1979). Red sea bream required 

 a minimum of 5 to 6 mg pyridoxine/kg dry diet 

 for maximal glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase 

 activity and maximal glutamic pyruvate trans- 

 aminase activity (Yone 1975). A minimum of 2 



to 5 mg pyridoxine/kg dry diet is required for 

 maximal weight gain and pyridoxine liver con- 

 tent of red sea bream (Yone 1975). Kissil et al. 

 (1981) reported optimal dietary pyridoxine con- 

 centrations for gilthead bream as a function of 

 growth (1.97 mg pyridoxine/kg dry diet) and 

 liver alanine aminotransferase activity (3.0 to 5.1 

 mg pyridoxine/kg dry diet). Pyridoxine deficien- 

 cy symptoms in gilthead bream included hyper- 

 irritability, erratic swimming behavior, poor 

 food conversion, retarded growth, and high mor- 

 tality. Turbot fed pyridoxine concentrations of 

 1.0 mg/kg dry diet up to 30 mg/kg had similar 

 growth rates, whereas individuals fed 0.26 or 

 0.50 mg pyridoxine/kg dry diet had reduced 

 weight gain (Adron et al. 1978). Liver alanine 

 aminotransferase activity and muscle and liver 

 aspartate aminotransferase activity increased 

 with higher dietary pyridoxine concentrations 

 up to 2.5 mg/kg dry diet. Therefore, a dietary 

 pyridoxine concentration of 2.5 mg/kg dry diet 

 satisfied both maximal growth and liver aspar- 

 tate aminotransferase activity for turbot. Com- 

 mon carp fingerlings required 5.4 mg pyridox- 

 ine/kg dry diet for maximal growth rate and 

 prevention of deficiency symptoms (Ogino 

 1965). 



Niacin 



Niacin has been shown to be an essential die- 

 tary constituent for rainbow trout (McLaren et 

 al. 1947), brook and brown trout (Phillips and 

 Brockway 1957), lake trout (Phillips 1959b), chi- 

 nook salmon (Halver 1957), channel catfish (Du- 

 pree 1966), common carp ( Aoe et al. 1967c), Japa- 

 nese eel (Arai et al. 1972a), brook trout (Poston 

 and DiLorenzo 1973), and red sea bream (Yone 

 1975). Hemorrhage and lesions of the skin have 

 been reported in niacin-deficient channel catfish 

 (Andrews and Murai 1978) and Japanese eel 

 (Arai et al. 1972a). Dietary requirements for 

 maximal growth include 28 mg niacin/kg dry 

 diet for common carp (Aoe et al. 1967c) and 14.4 

 mg niacin/kg dry diet for channel catfish finger- 

 lings (Andrews and Murai 1978). 



Pantothenic Acid 



Essentiality of dietary pantothenic acid has 

 been demonstrated for rainbow trout (McLaren 

 et al. 1947), brown, brook, rainbow, and lake 

 trout (Phillips and Brockway 1957), Atlantic 

 salmon (Phillips 1959a), chinook salmon (Halver 



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