IV. Problems Arising from Activities of Man 



a. Recreational Needs 



National Science Foundation. — The research 

 activity examines ecological relations of man-occupied 

 ecosystems and his pollution effects in areas used for 

 recreation. Urban open-space, coastal areas and 

 selected semi-primitive environments are emphasized. 

 Methods for evaluating trade-offs among competing 

 uses for recreational areas and ecological values are 

 being developed. 



1971 1972 1973 



$1.21 $1.31 $1.56 



Department of Agriculture. — Much of America's 

 outdoor recreation is based on ecosystems that provide 

 opportunities for physical activity, such as hiking or 

 fishing, or are attractive environments. Research 

 includes studies that determine ways of managing 

 ecosystems so they remain useful and attractive while 

 being occupied. Biological "carrying capacities" for 

 specific uses in specific ecosystems are determined. 

 Methods of managing people's use of dispersed areas, 

 such as backcountry and wilderness, are devised. 

 Techniques for designing, constructing and managing 

 intensive-use sites are developed. Research also 

 develops improved varieties of plants for use in parks, 

 playgrounds, and other recreation areas that are 

 heavily used and must be intensively managed. 



1971 1972 1973 



$1.97 $2.26 $2.03 



b. Urbanization and Urban Planning 



Environmental Protection Agency. — Research 

 involves understanding the basic forms of growth and 

 change in urban and regional systems, developing and 

 evaluating comprehensive models for assessment of 

 the impact of environmental policy decisions, and 

 identifying institutional forms which might be 

 channeled to achieve environemntal quality goals. 



1971 1972 1973 



$ $0.53 $0.58 



Department of the Interior. — Ecological studies are 

 being performed by the Geological Survey using the 

 San Francisco Bay Region as a pilot model. Related 

 research is performed by the National Park Service in 



67 



