Atomic Energy Commission— The effects of thermal 

 additions on biological processes and organisms are 

 being studied by the national laboratories and extra- 

 mural organizations. Thermal effects on invertebrates 

 and salmonid fishes are being examined. These include 

 thermal death patterns, relationships between stress 

 and fatigue and thermal telerance, resistance to heat or 

 cold shock, relations between thermal inactivation of 

 organisms and predation on them by fish or other 

 organisms, and sensing of heat or cold by fishes. The 

 effect of heat on organisms entrained in the cooling 

 water of power plants is being examined as they pass 

 through such systems. The Savannah River Labora- 

 tory is studying the effects of added heat on the fate of 

 radionuclides in a cooling pond and the effects on 

 organisms in flowing streams. The effects of heat on 

 disease in fishes and the synergistic effects of tempera- 

 ture, pollutants, and disease are being examined. 



1971 1972 1973 



$0.57 $0.76 $1.19 



National Science Foundation— Grant research 

 stresses ecological responses to additions of hot water 

 (e.g., from power plants) in terms of energy flux, food 

 chain alternations, and growth rate changes in local 

 aquatic environments with a warmer environment or a 

 seasonal pulse. 



1971 1972 1973 



$0.23 $0.19 $0.70 



Corps of Engineers — Civil works study of thermal 

 effects on rivers, bays, and lakes includes monitoring of 

 temperature regimes, thermal stratification, and water 

 quality. This is done prior to and after impoundment to 

 determine the project's effect on the ecological balance 

 and the natural processes of the immediate and down- 

 stream environments. Thermal stratification 

 investigations have evaluated the use of air diffuser 

 systems or submerged wires on temperatures in 

 stratified lakes and the effects of temperature varia- 

 tions on water quality, ecosystem components, and 

 sedimentation. Mathematical and physical models and 

 remote sensing techniques are being developed for 

 predicting the ecological impacts of physical, geolog- 

 ical, and chemical oceanographic parameters. 



1971 1972 1973 



$0.06 $0.24 $0.35 



47 



