of a broader effort to outline the biophysical parameters 

 of the area. 



1971 1972 1973 



$1.41 $1.37 $1.54 



National Science Foundation— Primary effort is 

 focused on sources, routes, and distribution patterns of 

 toxic materials in the ecosystem, particularly heavy 

 metals, such as lead from automobile exhausts. An 

 increased effort reflects studies on trace contaminants 

 in the environment, including cadmium, mercury, 

 molydbenum, and nitrate. Analysis of pathways, rates 

 and target populations are the basis for examining 

 ecological response and management alternatives. 



1971 1972 1973 



$0.50 $1.72 $2.45 



c. Land Use Effects 



1. Nonrenewable Resource Extraction 



Department of the Interior— Environmental and 

 ecological impacts related to resource extraction and 

 use are evaluated. The effects of acid mine drainage and 

 oil pollution on fish and the impact of resource exploita- 

 tion and transportation on fish and wildlife of northern 

 areas are studied. 



1971 1972 1973 



$0.05 $0.05 $0.05 



Department of Agriculture— Serious land 

 disturbances often result from mining, extraction of 

 gas and oil, and exploration for mineral and petroleum 

 resources. Vegetation is disturbed or destroyed, and soil 

 is often destroyed leaving only sterile spoil banks. 

 Methods are developed for repairing and restoring land 

 affected by extraction of nonrenewable resources. This 

 requires an understanding of the character of altered 

 sites, the processes of primary and secondary plant 

 succession, and methods of accelerating growth of 

 plant cover. Development also includes studies that will 

 lead to revised methods of mining to reduce un- 

 favorable impacts and to cut post-mining costs and 

 rehabilitation expenses. 



1971 1972 1973 



$0.17 $0.22 $0.22 



51 



