ENDNOTES 



1. The length of the shoreline, however, is almost double that and measures 99 kilometers. 



2. Nordic Investment Bank. Baltic study. September 1991. 



3. JURA means "the sea" in Lithuanian. 



4. A brochure published by the YURA company for the 1992 AGROBALT exhibition gives a slightly different 

 figure: 136 high-seas fishing vessels instead of 124 such vessels. At that time, YURA employed over 10,000 

 persons and its fishermen were catching 320,000-350,000 tons of fish and shellfish. 



5. Algimantas Valiukenas, "Fishery and Aquaculture of Lithuania, " Vilnius, 21 October 1991. Valiukenas, the then 

 Lithuanian Deputy Minister of Agriculture and the Director of the Fisheries Department, wrote in October 1991 

 that the high-seas fleet of Lithuania consisted of 130 vessels, owned by JURA, and 21 units owned by the State 

 Transportation Fleet. The total of 151 vessels which Valiukenas cites is close enough to the figure of 148 high-seas 

 vessels reported by the U.S. Embassy in June 1993. 



6. U.S. Embassy, Vilnius, 9 June 1993. 



7. U.S. Navy, Office of Naval Intelligence, 29 July 1993. 



8. Ibid. 



9. Eurofjsh Report, August 1992, based on a Vilnius Radio broadcast of 19 June 1992. 



10. Radio Moscow, 18 August 1992. The reconstruction of Klaipeda must be finished by now, but the authors 

 could obtain no information on this project. 



11. U.S. Embassy, Vilnius, 9 June 1993. 



12. Radio Vilnius, 18 September 1991. 



13. U.S. Embassy, Vilnius, 9 June 1993. 



14. Manager of the Klaipeda fishing port. Personal Communication, May 1993. 



15. Sections III and IV are largely based on a report by the U.S. Embassy in Vilnius, dated June 9, 1993. 



16. A large fishery off the United States, which continued for almost 20 years, was discontinued following the 

 Americanization of the fisheries inside the U.S. 200-mile EEZ in the 1980s. The Lithuanian fishery off New 

 England also generated a small crisis in US-USSR diplomatic relations when a Lithuanian fisherman (Mr. 

 KUDIRKA) tried to defect during a courtesy visit to the U.S. Coast Guard vessel. KUDIRKA was forcibly returned 

 when a Soviet detail which was allowed to come aboard the Coast Guard cutter dragged him back aboard the Soviet 

 mothership, despite his claiming to be a U.S. citizen. KUDIRKA was later tried in a Soviet court in Riga and given 

 a long jail sentence. However, when he proved that he was bom in New York, the Soviets relented, released him 

 and allowed him to emigrate to the United States. After a lengthy Congressional investigation, the U.S. Coast 

 Guard officers who permitted the forcible return of the Lithuanian were retired from service. In the aftermath of 

 the scandal. President Nixon issued a directive prohibiting the return of Soviet and other Communist defectors. 



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