Federation renegotiated the former Soviet 

 accord in early 1992 and managed to conclude 

 a draft agreement allowing its fishermen to 

 net 400,000 t of sardines and mackerel each 

 year for the next three years. '°^ 



On August 28, 1992, Russia and Morocco 

 signed a bilateral fisheries cooperation 

 agreement allowing the Russian fleets to fish 

 off southern Morocco. The three-year accord 

 replaced an earlier agreement that was 

 concluded with the Soviet Union. The new 

 agreement requires Russian vessels to respect 

 several conditions set by the Moroccan 

 Government to regulate Russian fishing and 

 ensure financial compensation to Morocco. 

 In addition, under the terms of the agreement, 

 the two countries must observe a moratorium 

 on fishing for 2 months each year to allow the 

 stocks to reproduce. '"* 



Namibia: The Soviet fleets have been fishing 

 off Southwest Africa (as Namibia was called 

 before its independence) since the 1960s. 

 Immediately prior to 1990, when the fisheries 

 off Namibia were still controlled by the 

 Republic of South Africa under the UN 

 Trusteeship, the USSR's was one of the 

 largest fleets fishing for hake and horse 

 mackerel.'"^ After Namibia declared a 

 moratorium on all foreign fishing within its 

 200-mile zone in 1991, foreign vessel owners 

 began to form joint ventures with Namibian 

 companies to whom the Namibian 

 Government granted the catch quotas. The 

 Namibian concessionaires effectively sell their 

 quotas to foreign vessel owners by chartering 

 their vessels. Joint ventures between foreign 

 fishing companies and local entrepreneurs are 

 also common. This increasingly complex 

 structure of interlocking front companies 

 makes ultimate vessel ownership difficult to 

 identify."" 



Nigeria: The Nigerian Government has had 

 no negotiations on access fisheries with the 

 Russian Federation, reports the U.S. Embassy 

 in Lagos.'" 



Yemen: With the reunification of Yemen, the 

 new Republic of Yemen is disposing of the 

 state-owned fishing industry of the former 

 People's Democratic Republic of Yemen. 

 This includes the joint Yemeni-Soviet fishing 

 company which will be disbanded. The 

 Soviet Union contributed $140 million in aid, 

 which was spent on developing a large-scale, 

 state-owned fishery with 35 Soviet-built 

 trawlers and seiners, several cold storage 

 plants, modernization of the Aden fishing 

 port, and two canneries. The Soviet-made 

 vessels are now too costly to maintain and 

 operate, and with the breakup of the Soviet 

 Union, it is difficult to get spare parts. Only 

 two of the vessels are reportedly worth 

 operating; the others will be either sold or 

 scrapped."^ 



E. NORTH AMERICA 



United States: The United States and the 

 Russian Federation cooperate on fishery 

 matters through their Agreement on Mutual 

 Fisheries Relations that entered into force on 

 October 28, 1988. The current Agreement, 

 which expired on October 28, 1993, provided 

 fishermen reciprocal access to the 200-mile 

 zones of each country and served as a forum 

 within which to discuss issues of mutual 

 concern. Steps to extend the agreement are 

 being taken by both sides. 



Several issues of great concern to fishery 

 interests of the two countries are being 

 discussed intensively under the Agreement on 

 Mutual Fisheries Relations. One is the 

 conservation of salmonids in the North 

 Pacific. The other is the management of 



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