the samples taken should not be presented as 

 measurements of the forms that emerged from the 

 underlying substrata. 



Ackniiw Iciljiiiicnts 



We thank Richard S. Shomura and his staff at 

 the Southwest Fisheries Center Honolulu 

 Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service, 

 NOAA, and Robert T. B. Iverson, Southwest Re- 

 gion, National Marine Fisheries Service, for their 

 cooperation and logistic support. We also thank 

 Robert Johanness, Hawaii Institute of Marine 

 Biology; Abraham Fleminger, Scripps Institution 

 of Oceanography; and Alan R. Emery, Royal On- 

 tario Museum, Canada, for helpful comments on 

 the manuscript. Kenneth Raymond, Southwest 

 Fisheries Centei' La Jolla Laboratory, drew Fig- 

 ure 1 and Alice Jellett, Southwest Fisheries 

 Center Tiburon Laboratory, typed the manu- 

 script. 



Littraturi- Cited 



Alldredge, a, L.. A.ND J. M. KlNC. 



1977. Distribution, abundance, and substrate preferences 

 of demersal reef zooplankton at Lizard Island Lagoon, 

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Emery, a. R. 



1968. Preliminary observations on coral reef 

 plankton, Limnol, Oceanogr. 13:293-303. 

 FLEMINGER. A. 



1964. Distributional atlas of calanoid copepods in the 

 California current region, Part I. Calif Coop. Oceanic 

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Glynn, P W 



1973. Ecology of a Caribbean coral reef The Ponies reef- 

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 for depletion. Mar. Biol. iBerl.i 22:1-21. 

 HOBSON, E. S- 



1968. Predatory behavior of some shore fishes in the Gulf 

 of California. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv.. Res. Rep, 73, 92 p. 



1973. Diel feeding migrations in tropical reef fishes. 



Helgol. wiss. Meeresunters. 24:361-370. 

 1974. Feeding relationships of teleostean fishes on coral 

 reefs in Kona. Hawaii. Fish. Bull.. U.S. 72:915-1031. 



1975. Feeding patterns among tropical reef fishes. Am. 

 Sci. 63:382-392. 



HOBSON, E. S., .AND J. R. CHESS, 



1973. Feeding oriented movements of the atherinid fish 

 Pranesus pinguis at Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands. 

 Fish. Bull., U.S. 71:777-786. 



1976. Trophic interactions among fishes and zooplankters 

 near shore at Santa Catalina Island, California. Fish. 

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1978. Trophic relationships among fishes and plankton in 

 the lagoon at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands. Fish. 

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Porter, J. W, 



1974. Zooplankton feeding by the Caribbean reef-building 



280 



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Porter, J. W., ..wd K. G. Porter. 



1977. Quantitative sampling of demersal plankton mi- 

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Porter, J. W.. K. G. Porter, .and Z. B.-\t.m'-C.\t.-\l.an. 



1977. Quantitative sampling of Indo- Pacific demersal reef 

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RAND.'\LL, R. H., C. BIRKEL.AND, S. S. AMESBURY, D. LASSUY, 

 AND J. R. EADS. 



1978. Marine survey of a proposed resort site at Arakabe- 

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edmund s. hobson 

 James R. Chess 



St}uthuesl Fcsfwrtes Center Tthuron Laboratory 

 National Marine Fisheries Seruice, NOAA 

 3150 Paradise Drive 

 Tihuron.CA 94920 



A SIRVEV OF HEAVY METALS IN THE 



SL'RF CLAM, SPISVLA SOI.IDISSIMA. AND 



THE OCEAN QUAHOG, ARCIICA ISLANDICA, 



OF THE MID-ATLANTIC COAST 



OF THE UNITED STATES 



Since the mid-1940's, two varieties of clams have 

 become increasingly important to the seafood in- 

 dustry, the surfclam, Spisula solidissima , and the 

 ocean quahog, Arctica islandica. Surf clams and 

 ocean quahogs are marketed primarily by the 

 canning industry in chowders or as minced clams, 

 as well as in a number of specialty products, such 

 as cakes, patties, and dips. Prior to World War II, 

 however, these clams had been used only as ani- 

 mal feed or fertilizer. A commercial surf clam 

 fishery developed rapidly with an annual harvest 

 of 5L4 million pounds of meats in 1977 (Hutchi- 

 sonM and a peak harvest of 96.1 million pounds of 

 meats in 1974 (Bell and Fitz Gibbon 1977). The 

 ocean quahog fishery developed more slowly. It 

 was not until the 1970's that a vigorous commer- 

 cial ocean quahog fishery developed, primarily to 

 supplement the dwindling supplies of more desir- 

 able clams, in particular, the hard clam, Mer- 

 cenaria inercenaria: the soft-shell clam, Mya 

 arenaria; and the surfclam (Anonymous 1971). 

 The ocean quahog harvest in 1977 of 16.4 million 



'Roger Hutchison, U.S. Department of Commerce. Economic 

 and Marketing Research Division. Washington, DC, pers. 

 commun. February 1978. 



FLSHERY bulletin vol 77. NO 1. 1979. 



