260 



FISHERY BULLETIN OF THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE 



In addition to these two major methods a few 

 native islander fishermen skin-dive for sponges in 

 shallow water, and a few Florida sponge fishermen 

 have begun in the past few years to drag tines 

 and other types of dredges in order to obtain more 

 sponges with less work. 



As a result of the constantly decreasing supply 

 of natural sponges there have been repeated 

 attempts in the past half century to establish 

 sponge farms in the shallow coastal waters of 

 Florida and the other Caribbean sponge producing 

 areas. Practical as they now are from a biological 

 point of view, these farms have always failed 

 because of economic difficulties. It is now entirely 

 possible, however, to produce artificially propa- 

 gated sponges as a sound commercial venture. 



In addition to the biological studies on the dis- 

 tribution and growth of the Gulf of Mexico 

 porifera, there have been biochemical studies car- 

 lied out on the lipids, the carbohydrates, and the 

 general chemical constitution of several of the more 

 common marine sponges of this region. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



Agassiz, Alexander 



1888. Characteristic deep sea types. Sponges. (Prepared 

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 170-179, 25 figs. 

 Bartsch, p. 



1936. Sponge cultivation. Science, 83 (2164): 597. 

 Bergmann, Werner 



1949. Comparative biochemical studies on the lipids of 

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 Brown, H. H.; Galtsoff, P. S.; Smith, L. C; and Smith, 

 F. G. W. 

 1939. Sponge mortality in the Bahamas. Nature, 143 

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 Carter, H. J. 



1884. Catalogue of marine sponges, collected by Mr. 

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 Cobb, J. N. 



1903. The sponge fishery of Florida in 1900. Rept. 

 U. S. Fish Comm. 1902. 

 Crawshay, L. R. 



1939. Studies in the market sponges. I. Growth from 

 the planted cutting. J. M. B. A. United Kingdom 

 23 (2) : 553-574, 1 fig. 

 De Laubenfels, M. W. 



1932. Physiology and morphology of Porifera exempli- 

 fied by lotrochota birotulata Higgin. Carnegie Inst. 

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 2 pis., 6 figs. 



De Laubenfels, M. W. — Continued 



1934. New sponges from the Puerto Rican Deep. 

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1936a. A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry 

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 eral with material for a revision of the families and 

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 text figs. 



1936b. A comparison of the shallow water sponges near 

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1939. Sponges collected on the presidential cruise of 

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1948. The order Keratosa of the phylum Porifera, a 

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1949. Sponges of the western Bahamas. Am. Mus. 

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Duchassaing, de Fonbressin p., and Michelotti, G. 

 1864. Spongiaires de la Mer Caraibe. Memoire public 



par la Society hoUandaise des Sciences ^ Haarlem. 



Natuurk. Verh. Mij. Haarlem, 21: 1-124, pis. 1-25. 

 Galtsoff, P. S. 



1940. Wasting disease causing mortality of sponges in 

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1946. Sponges. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fishery 

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HiGGIN, T. 



1875. On a new sponge of the genus Luffaria, from 

 Yucatdn, in the Liverpool Free Museum. With re- 

 marks by H. J. Carter. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 

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 Hyatt, A. 



1875. Revision of the North American Poriferae; with 

 remarks upon foreign species. Part I. Mem. Boston 

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 1877. Revision of the North American Poriferae; with 

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 Kent, W. S. 



1883. Report on the sponges of the Bahama Islands. 

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1908a. Commercial sponges and the sponges fisheries. 

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 Moore, H. F. 



1908b. A practical method of sponge culture. Bull. Bur. 

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 Old, M. C. 



1941. The taxonomy and distribution of the boring 

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 1 fig., pis. 1-10. 



Osorio-Tafali-, B. F., and Cardenas, Mauro 



1945. Sobre las esponjas comerciales de Quintana Roo y 

 una enfermedad que las destruye. Ciencia 6 (1): 

 25-31, 2 figs. 



