392 



FISH HATCHERY MANAGEMENT 



Table F-1. continued 



NUTRIENT 



SIGNS OF DEFICIENCY OR EXCESS 



Vitamins (continued) 

 Riboflavin (B2) 



Pyridoxine (Bf) 



Pantothenic acid 



Biotin 



Choline 



Vitamin B12 



Niacin 



Ascorbic acid 

 (vitamin C) 



Signs of excess: none. 



Signs of deficiency: corneal vascularization; cloudy lens and cataract; 

 hemorrhagic eyes, nose, or operculum; photophobia; incoordina- 

 tion; abnormal pigmentation of iris; striated constructions of 

 abdominal wall; dark coloration; poor appetite; anemia; complete 

 cessation of growth; dermatitis; high mortality. 



Signs of excess: none. 



Signs of deficiency: nervous disorders; epileptiform convulsions; 

 hyperirritability; alexia; loss of appetite; edema of peritoneal cavity 

 with colorless serous fluid; rapid onset of rigor mortis; rapid jerky 

 breathing; flexing of opercles; iridescent blue-green coloration on 

 back; heavy mortality; retarded growth; indifference to light. (A 

 high tryptophan diet increases requirement for pyridoxine.) 



Signs of excess: none. 



Signs of deficiency: clubbed gills; necrosis; scarring and cellular atro- 

 phy of gills; gill exudate; general "mumpy" appearance; eroded 

 opercles; pinhead; prostration; loss of appetite; lethargy; poor 

 growth; high mortality; eroded fins; disruption of blood cell forma- 

 tion. 



Signs of excess: none. 



Signs of deficiency: loss of appetite; lesions in colon; dark coloration 

 (blue slime film that sloughs off in patches); muscle atrophy; spas- 

 tic convulsions; anemia; skin lesions; reduced stamina; contracted 

 caudal fin; poor growth; elevated feed conversion; small liver size; 

 abnormally pale liver. 



Signs of excess: depression of growth; excessive levels can be coun- 

 teracted by adding folic acid or niacin. 



Signs of deficiency: poor food conversion; hemorrhagic kidney and 

 intestine; exophthalmia; extended abdomen; light-colored body; 

 poor growth; fatty infiltrated livers; increased gastric emptying 

 time; anemia. 



Signs of excess: none. 



Signs of deficiency: Poor appetite; erratic and low hemoglobin; frag- 

 mentation of erythrocytes with many immature forms; protein 

 metabolism disruption; poor growth; poor food conversion. 



Signs of excess: none. 



Signs of deficiency: loss of appetite; poor food conversion; lesions in 

 colon; jerky or difficult motion; weakness; reduced coordination; 

 mortality from handling stress; edema of stomach and colon; mus- 

 cle spasms while resting; tetany; sensitivity to sunlight and sun- 

 burn; poor growth; swollen but not clubbed gills; flared opercles; 

 anemia; lethargy; skin hemorrhage; high mortality. 



Signs of excess: none. 



Signs of deficiency: scoliosis; lordosis; abnormal opercles; impaired 

 formation of collagen; impaired wound healing; abnormal cartilage; 

 twisted, spiraled, deformed cartilage of gill filaments; clubbed gills; 

 hyperplasia of jaw and muscle; deformed vertebrae; eye lesions; 



