Appendix 



F 



Nutritional Diseases and 

 Diet Formulations 



Table F-1. nutritional diseases in eish. ihe following is presented as a 

 diagnostic guide. all signs observed in eish are lumped together and 

 some disorders may not apply to a particular fish species. (source: 



HORAK I97r).) 



NUTRIENI' 



Protein 



Crude pi u It in 



Amino acids 



Fat 



SIGNS OF DEFICIENCY OR EXCESS 



Signs of deficiency; poor growth; reduced activity; fish remain near 

 the water surface; increased vulnerability to parasites. 



Signs of excess: moderate to shght growth retardation. 



Signs of deficiency: deficiency of any essential amino acid can cause 

 reduced or no growth; lens cataract may result from a deficiency of 

 any essential amino acid except arginine; lordosis or scoliosis may 

 result from less than ().2".i tryptophan in the diet; blacktail syn- 

 drome, loss of equilibrium will result from less than 0.8"ii lysine in 

 the diet. 



Signs of excess: inhibited growth results from excess leucine; dietary 

 inefficiency may result from extreme ratios of phenylalanine to 

 tyrosine, high levels of either phenylalanine or tyrosine, and valine 

 greater than 3"ii. 



Signs of deficiency: poor growth, as essential amino acids must be 

 used for energy; necrosis of the caudal fin; fatty pale liver; fin ero- 

 sion; dermal depigmentation; edema; increased mitochondrial swel- 

 ling; mortality; stress- induced violent swimming motion with little 

 forward movement, followed by motionless floating for 1,') minutes 

 before recovery; slightly reduced hemoglobin; anemia; liver and 

 kidney degeneration; soreback; high mortality may occur from corn 

 or soy oil in diets at near-freezing temperatures. 



Signs of excess: plugged intestine; liver and kidney degeneration; 

 death may result from hard fat (beef); pale, swollen, yellow-brown. 



390 



