nutritional diseases and diets 391 

 Table F-I. continued. 



NUTRIENT SIGNS OF DEFICIENCY OR EXCESS 



Fat [continued) fatty infiltrated liver; pigmented insoluble fat (ceroid) in liver; 



water edema; amenia; fattv infiltrated kidney and spleen; reduced 

 weight gain with no increase in carcass fat. 

 Carbohydrate Signs of deficency: reduced survival of stocked fish; decreased liver 



glycogen from carbohydrate-free diet; slow growth, as amino acids 

 are used for energy. 



Signs of excess: glycogen-infiltrated, pale, swollen liver; fatty- 

 infiltrated kidneys; degenerated pancreatic islets; poor growth; 

 edema; elevated blood glucose; death from overfeeding or from 

 digestible carbohydrate greater than 20" of diet. 

 Vitamins 



Vitamin A Signs of deficency: serous fluid in abdominal cavity; edema; ex- 



ophthalmus; hemorrhage of anterior chamber of the eye, base of 

 fins, and kidne%s; light-colored body; poor appetite; poor growth; 

 eye cataracts; anemia; drying and hardening of mucous-secreting 

 tissue; clubbed gills; high mortalit) ; bent gill operculum. (Vitamin 

 A is destroyed by rancid fats.) 



Signs of excess: enlargement of liver and spleen; retarded growth; 



skin lesions; epithelial keratinization; abnormal bone formation and 



fusion of vertebrae; necrosis of caudal fin; elevated levels of body 



fat and cholesterol; lowered hematocrit. 



Vitamin D Signs of deficency: elevated feed conversion; slightly increased 



number of blood cells; impaired absorption of calcium and phos- 

 phorous from intestine. 



Signs of excess: impaired growth; decalcification, especially of ribs; 

 lethargy; dark coloration; ele\ated blood serum calcium caused by 

 doses of D3. 

 Vitamin E Signs of deficency: serous fluid in abdominal cavity; ceroid in liver, 



spleen, and kidney; fragility of red blood cells; poor growth; poor 

 food conversion; cell degeneration; sterility; excessive mortality; 

 clubbed gills; soreback; general feed rancidity, as vitamin E is a 

 strong antioxidant. Vitamin E is involved with selenium and vita- 

 min C for normal reproduction, and may be involved with embryo 

 membrane permeability and hatchability of fish eggs. It is des- 

 troyed by rancid fats. Fortification of E can prevent anemia caused 

 by rancidity of the feed. 



Signs of excess: no growth; toxic liver reaction; death; accumulation 

 of vitamin E in ovary. 

 Vitamin h Signs of deficency: anemia; pale liver, spleen, and gills; hemorrhagic 



gills, eyes, base of fins, and vascular tissues; death. 



Signs of excess: none. 

 Thiamine (B^) Signs of deficiency: poor appetite; muscle atrophy; vascular degenera- 



tion; con\ulsions; rolling whirling motion; extreme ner\ousness and 

 no recovery from excitement; instability and loss of equilibrium 

 weakness; edema; poor appetite; poor growth; retracted head 

 sometimes a purple sheen to the body; melanosis in older fish 

 excessive mortality; anemia; corneal opacities; paralysis of dorsal 

 and pectoral fins. 



