NUTRITIONAL DISEASES AND DIETS 393 



Table F-1. continued. 



NLTRItM SIGNS UF DEFICIENCV OR EXCESS 



Vitamins [continued] hemorrhagic skin, hver, kidney, intestine, and muscle; retarded 



growth; loss of appetite; increased mortality; eventual anemia. 



Signs of excess: none. 

 Folic acid Signs of deficiency: lethargy; fragility of fins, especially caudal; dark 



(vitamin H) coloration; reduced resistance to disease; poor growth; no appetite; 



infraction of spleen; serous fluid in abdominal cavity; sluggish 

 swimming; loss of caudal fin; exophthalmia. 



Signs of excess: none. 

 Inositol Signs of deficiency: distended stomach; increased gastric emptying 



time; skin lesions; fragile fins; loss of caudal fin; poor growth; poor 

 appetite; edema; dark color; anemia; high mortality; white-colored 

 liver. 



Signs of excess: none. 

 Minerals Signs of deficiency: hyperemia on floor of mouth; protrusions at bran- 



chial junction; thryoid tumor; exophthalmia; renal calculi (kidney 

 stones). 



Signs of excess: scoliosis; lordosis; blacktail; eroded caudal fin; mus- 

 cular atrophy; paralysis if there is dissolved lead in the water at 4-8 

 parts per billion (no toxic effects with lead up to 8, ()()() parts per 

 million in dry feed); growth retardation; pigmentation changes 

 when copper is greater than 1 mg/g in dry diet (lOO to 200 times 

 the daily requirement). 

 Toxins and chemicals Signs of deficiency: none. 



Signs of excess: Hepatocellular carcinoma after 1220 months with 

 tannic acid at 7. ,1^480 mg/100 g in dry feed; loss of appetite; 

 grossly visible sundan-ophilic substance in liver; decreased availa- 

 bility of lysine when greater than 0.04".. free gossypol (yellow pig- 

 ment from glands of cottonseed meal) is in feed; trypsin inhibition 

 resulting from low heat-treated soybean meal; liver cell carcinomas; 

 pale yellow or creamy-colored livers; gill epithelium disruption 

 resulting from aflatoxin-contaminated oilseed meals (especially cot- 

 tonseed) with as little as 0.1-0..T parts per billion aflatoxin Bl, or 

 7.,T mg carbarson/lOO g dry feed; feed with greater than 13".. mois- 

 ture encourages mold growth which produces the toxin; gill disease 

 resulting from DDT at 7. ,5 mg/100 g dry diet; cataract caused by 

 30 mg/100 mg dry diet of thioacetamide for 12 months; broken- 

 back syndrome; retarded growth produced by toxaphene in water 

 at greater than 70 parts per thousand; retarded ammonia detoxica- 

 tion enzymes affected by dieldrin greater than 0.36 parts per mil- 

 lion in feed; inhibited mobilization of liver glycogen and Cortisol 

 production in fish under stress and endrin greater than 0.2 in feed; 

 stimulated thyroid when greater than 0.8 parts per million DDT or 

 2.0 parts per million DDE is in feed, or 2,4-D in the water; lowered 

 egg hatching; abnormal fry anemia; mortality; reduced growth; 

 dark, lethargic fish when greater than 0.2-0..'i parts per million Aro- 

 clor 12,54 is in feed; yellow-colored flesh when ()"« corn gluten meal 

 is in feed. 



