SMITH and MERRINER: REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF COWNOSE RAY 



1951. How difficult parturition in certain viviparous sharks 

 and rays is overcome. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 67:56-86. 

 Hamilton, W. J., Jr., and R. A. Smith. 



1941. Notes on the sting-ray, Dasyatis say (LeSueur). 

 Copeia 1941:175. 

 Hess, P. W. 



1959. The biology of two sting rays, Dasyatis centroura 

 Mitchill 1815 and Dasyatis say Lesueur 1871, in Delaware 

 Bay. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Delaware, Newark, 42. p. 

 Hoese, H. D. 



1962. Sharks and rays of Virginia's seaside bays. Chesa- 

 peake Sci. 3:166-172. 

 Holden, M. J. 



1974. Problems in the rational exploitation of elasmobranch 

 populations and some suggested solutions. In F. R. Harden- 

 Jones (editor), Sea fisheries research, p. 117-137. Wiley, 

 N.Y. 

 James, P. S. B. R. 



1962. Observations on shoals of the Javanese cownose ray 

 Rhinoptera javanica Muller and Henle from the Gulf of Man- 

 nar with additional notes on the species. J. Mar. Biol. 

 Assoc. India 4:217-223. 

 1970. Further observations on shoals of the Javanese cownose 

 ray Rhinoptera javanica Muller and Henle from the Gulf of 

 Mannar with a note on the teeth structure in the species. 

 J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India 12:151-157. 

 Joseph, E. B. 



1961. An albino cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus (Mitchill) 

 from Chesapeake Bay. Copeia 1961:482-483. 

 Lawler, E. F. 



1976. The biology of the sandbar shark Carcharhinus plum- 

 beus (Nardo, 1827) in the lower Chesapeake Bay and adja- 

 cent waters. M.A. Thesis, College of William and Mary, 

 Williamsburg, 48 p. 

 Merriner, J. V., and J. W. Smith. 



1979. A report to the oyster industry of Virginia on the 



biology and management of the cownose ray (Rhinoptera 



bonasus, Mitchill) in lower Chesapeake Bay. Spec. Rep. 



Appl. Mar. Sci. Ocean Eng. 216, 33 p. Va. Inst. Mar. Sci. 



Musick, J. A. 



1972. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay and the adjacent coastal 

 plain. In M. L. Wass (editor), A check list of the biota of 

 lower Chesapeake Bay, p. 175-212. Va. Inst. Mar. Sci., 

 Spec. Rep. No. 65. 



Orth, R. J. 



1975. Destruction of eelgrass, Zostera marina, by the cow- 

 nose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus, in the Chesapeake Bay. 

 Chesapeake Sci. 16:205-208. 



Schwartz, F. J. 



1959. Two eight-foot cub sharks, Carcharhinus leucas (Muller 

 and Henle), captured in Chesapeake Bay, Maryland. Copeia 

 1959:251-252. 



1960. Additional comments on adult bull sharks, Carcharhi- 

 nus leucas (Muller and Henle), from Chesapeake Bay, 

 Maryland. Chesapeake Sci. 1:68-71. 



1965. Inter-American migrations and systematics of the 

 western Atlantic cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus. [Abstr.] 

 Meet. Assoc. Isl. Mar. Lab. Caribb., 1 p. 6th Meet., Isla 

 Margarita, Venez. 20-22 Jan. 

 1967. Embryology and feeding behavior of the Atlantic cow- 

 nose ray Rhinoptera bonasus. [Abstr.] Meet. Assoc. Isl. 

 Mar. Labs. Carib. 1 p. 7th Meet., Barbados, W.I., 24-26 

 Aug.. 

 Setna, S. B., and P. N. Sarangdhar. 



1949. Breeding habits of Bombay elasmobranchs. Rec. In- 

 dian Mus. (Calcutta) 47:107-124. 

 Smith, H. M. 



1907. The fishes of North Carolina. N.C. Geol. Econ. Surv. 

 2:47. 

 Smith, J. W. 



1980. The life history of the cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus 

 (Mitchill 1815), in lower Chesapeake Bay, with notes on the 

 management of the species. M.A. Thesis, College of 

 William and Mary, Williamsburg, 151 p. 

 Smith, M. S. 



1975. A. P. Knight Groundfish Cruise No. 74-2, October 

 15-17, 1974 (Data Record). Fish. Res. Board Can. Manuscr. 

 Rep. Ser. No. 1336, 13 p. 

 Springer, S. 



1960. Natural history of the sandbar shark, Eulamia milber- 

 ti. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 61:1-38. 

 Struhsaker, P. 



1969. Observations on the biology and distribution of the 

 thorny stingray, Dasyatis centroura (Pisces:Dasyatidae). 

 Bull. Mar. Sci. 19:456-481. 

 Wourms, J. P. 



1977. Reproduction and development in chondrichthyan 

 fishes. Am. Zool. 17:379-410. 



877 



