286 FISHERY BULLETIN OF THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE 



lated. Scales 45 to 56. Anal rays 46 to 55. Dorsal rays 60 to 70. Ctenoid scales present on both sides. Anterior 



teeth hardly enlarged subgenus Hippoglossina (p. 288) 



b. Ctenoid scales on blind side extending forward to middle of body or more anteriorly. Depth 42.4 or less. 

 c. Entire number of gill rakers on first arch 11 to 13. Ctenoid scales on blind side usually extending nearly to 

 shoulder girdle, varying to about a vertical through middle of arch. Maxillary with 3 to 6 cycloid scales. 

 Dorsal rays 60 to 65. Anal rays 46 to 51. Depth 34.8 to 38.3; length and width of maxillary 13.7 to 14.9 

 and 3.2 to 3.7, respectively; head 30.8 to 32.8 (6 specimens 140 to 167 mm. measured). 



Hippoglossina (Hippoglossina) bollmani (p. 288) 

 00. Pintire number of gill rakers on first arch 15 to 21. Ctenoid scales on l>liiid side usually not extending for- 

 ward of posterior angle in lateral line, varying to about a vertical through middle of arch. Dorsal rays 63 

 to 70. Anal rays 47 to 55. Depth 36.8 to 42.4. 

 d. Three cycloid scales on maxillary. Length and width of maxillary, 13.6 and 3, respectively; head, 30.7 



(1 specimen 183 mm. measured). Coast of Chile Hippoglossina (Hippoglossina) mystacium (p. 289) 



dd. Maxillary with a small patch of 7 to 16 scales, all or at least some of them ctenoid. Length and width 

 of maxillary 14.6-16.1 and 3.6-4.2, respectively; head 31.5-33.7 (range of 7 specimens 138-208 mm.) 



Coasts of California and lower California Hippoglossina (Hippoglossina) stomata (p. 289 1 



[bb. Ctenoid scales on blind side present only on posterior third. DejJth 43-45. 



Hippoglossina (Hippoglossina) niacrops] (p. 291 ' 



aa. Orbit rather large, 7.4 to 9.3 in large specimens; eyeball 6.1-7.6 in large .specimens. Origin of dorsal usually over 



space between anterior margin of eye and that of pupil in large siieciniens, nearly over middle of eye in small fish. 



Preanal spine covered by skin, not visible externally. Typical color pattern with 4 very prominent ocellated 



spots. Scales, 63-81. .^nal rays, 58-72. Dorsal rays, 72-86 subgenus Lioglossina (p. 293) 



e. Ctenoid scales present on both sides, their number highly variable (p. 294), but at least a few alway spresent on 

 head of eyed side and caudal peduncle of blind side. Anterior teeth very moderately enlarged. Anterior 

 two spots on a vertical nearer to head than base of caudal. Atlantic. 



Hippoglossina (Lioglossina) oblonga (p. 293) 

 ee. Scales all cycloid on both sides. Anterior teeth but slightly enlarged. Anterior two spots on a vertical about 

 midway between posterior margin of head and base of caudal. Pacific. 



Hippoglossina (Lioglossina) tetrophthnlmus (p. 297) 

 BB. Origin of dorsal over or in front of anterior margin of eye; eyeball and orbit varying from comparatively small 

 to rather large; interorbital varying from mediimi width to a mere ridge. Accessory branch of lateral line rather 

 well developed, usually, but apparently not always, reaching dorsal profile. Ctenoid scales present on eyed side 

 (except possibly in tenuirastruni (Norman Monogr., p. 95), present or absent on blind side depending on the species. 

 Color pattern difi'ering with the species, prepedimcular spot prominent in some. Includes one .\merican species, 



isosceles (p. 299), po.ssibly also triocellatus of Miranda Ribeiro (p. 334) Pseudorhomhus (p. 298) 



AA. Accessory scales present (very few in squamilenlus) ; usually beginning to develop on the fish reaching a length of 

 about 75 to 150 mm.: their first appearance with respect to length differing with the species and to some extent with 

 individual fish. Anterior teeth strongly enlarged in most species, caninoid, sometimes moderately enlarged, never 

 subequaL Eye rather small. Most prominent spots usually forming a triangle including the prepeduncular spot. 



Paralirhthys (p. 300) 



f. Scales on eyed side ctenoid, at least in fish \ip to about 160 mm.' subgenus Paralichlhys (p. 3011 



[g. Origin of dorsal nearly on a vertical through middle of eye. Gill rakers on lower limb 18 to 23. 



Paralichlhys (Paralichlhys) microps] (p. 301) 

 gg. Origin of dorsal approximately over anterior margin of eye, except in the young. 

 h. Clill rakers on lower limb not more than 11. 



i. Dorsal of blind side not spotted. Pectoral apiiroximately 2 in head. 



j. Pectoral rays 12. Scales 76. Sinistral. Atlantic Paralichlhys (Paralichlhys) palagonicus (p. SOI) 



[jj. Pectoral rays 11. Scales 62. Dextral. Pacific Paralichlhys (Paralichlhys) hilgendorfii] (p. 304) 



ii. Dorsal of blind side spotted. Pectoral 2.3 to 2.4 in head. Sinistral. 



k. Scales 68. Gill rakers on lower limb 9 Paralichlhys (Paralichlhys) schmitli (p. 305) 



[kk. Scales 94. Gill rakers on lower limb 11 Paralichlhys (Paralichlhys) fernandezianus] (p. 305) 



hh. Gill rakers on lower limb not less than 15. 



1. Depth 44-48 and scales ctenoid in large as well as in small specimens. Sinistral. Total number of gill 

 rakers 22-27. D. 68-76. A. 54-61. Pacific Coast of South .\merica. 



Paralichlhys (Paralichlhys) adspersus (p. 306) 



11. Depth 37-45, when more than 43.5 (in afi.5<uarn/s) scales becoming cycloid with gro\vth. Very often dextral. 



m. Scales retaining their ctenoid character at all ages. Dorsal rays 66 to 76. Anal rays 49 to 59. Total 



' In aestnarius tlip scales lose their ctenoid character on reaching a length hetween 160 and 220 mm. Larger specimens of this species may be separated from 

 others having cycloid scales by the many gill rakers, 24 or more in total number. In very large specimens of some other species the spinules on the scales may 

 change to coarse granular asperities, but their early ctenoid condition and distinguishi:ig nature is still evident. 



