( 227 ) 



all fallax, not moori ; the habitat Suinba qnoted for moori under No. 146 from 

 Dr. Pagenstecher's papers on the lepidoptera of Snmba is erroneous; Dr. Pagen- 

 stecher's specimen is not moori, bnt a form of Iwbe. 



Dr. Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. pp. 3S2— 3s.3 (1.^1)6), divides our 

 five species up into nine, treating as distinct species the North Indian spring and 

 early summer broods of E. athama.% namely, oar f. temp, hamasta and f. temp. 

 bharata, the Timor race of E. athamas, which gradually merges into the ordinary 

 Java race, and the Java race of E. hehe, which is also completely connected by 

 intergradatious with the forms of ii'. hebe from other localities. 



Herr Rober, up to 18'.l5, recognised sixteen species, giving the local and seasonal 

 varieties specific rank, at least nomenclatorially ; he, at that time, did not know, 

 res])ectively recognise, the six forms described later by Herr Fruhstorfer, and the two 

 forms described (as distinct species) by Colonel Swinhoe. 



Herr Fruhstorfer, Ent. Nachr. XXIV. p. .56 (1898), tried to unravel the 

 connection between the various forms, but succeeded only in making confusion worse 

 confounded. He says. I.e.: "According to the size of the median baud of the 

 hiudwing below I am inclined to group the species {sic .') of Charaxcs (sic /) here 

 dealt with as follows : — ■ 



"In my collection from : 



" Eulejm jabjsus Feld. ....... Sumatra, Borneo. 



„ attains sandakanus Fruhst. . . . . N. Borneo. 



,, attains kaba Kheil Nias, t? ? . 



„ attains moori Dist. ...... S. Borneo. 



„ attains Javanus KOber ..... Java, S. Borneo. 



„ attains attains Feld. (J'allax Rober) . . Java. 



„ attttlus lombokianus Fruhst. .... Lombok, Sumba (?). 



„ attains fallacides Fruhst. ..... Nias. 



„ attains clwrsonesns Fruhst. .... Singapore, Perak, 'Z i S 



„ attains hebe Butl. {alba/ins Rob.) . . . Sumatra. 



„ attains gawjmedes Stdgr N. and S. Borneo. 



„ attains plautns Fruhst. ..... Singajwre." 



We have quoted this list fully, since it serves as a good illustration of the 

 confusion iu the " athamas group." 



Our study of the present group of species has shown to us that there are no 

 structural differences in either sex which are absohitely reliable in the discrimination 

 of the species ; but our researches have also convinced us that E. athamas, hebe, 

 moori, and jabjsns are distinct species, the first three having developed into a great 

 number of geographical races, besides seasonal forms in the case of E. athamas. 

 We keep in this monograph a fifth species, E. arja, separate from E. athamas, but 

 are not quite satisfied that it is distinct ; in fact, we treat the insect as distinct 

 chiefly because we hope that, if the insect is kept separate from athamas, some future 

 investigator into the biology of the North Indian Lcjiidoptera (of whom entomology 

 is sadly in want) will give a separate record of the life history of arja, and not mix 

 up ttio biology of this form with that of athamas. The difl'erence between E. arja, 

 and athamas, which consists chiefly iu the tint of tlie discal band, which in arja is 

 white and in athamas green (iu fresh specimens according to de Niceville), is no 

 convincing evidence of specific distinctness, in spite of the absence of intergradatious; 

 the other characters of athamas and arja are almost the same, and the variation. 



