( S.M ) 



Chnraxes athamas, Butler, P. Z. S. p. 634. n. 45 (18(i£)) (pt. ; India ; China) : id., Cut. Dkirn. Lep. 

 descr. bi/ Fair. p. 51. d. C (18G0) (pt.) ; Druce, P. Z. S. p. 340 (187:i) (? China) ; id., I.e. p. 106 

 (1874) (Chentaboon, Siam) ; Moore, ihul. p. 271 (1874) (Cashmere) ; Nici'v.. Indian Agrindtiirixl 

 for January (1880) ( Kotgurth, October); id., Bidt. of Ind. II. p. 275. n. 568 (1882) (pt.) ; Staud., 

 Ej-nt. Tnnf. p. 172. t. 59 (1886); Elwes & MiiUer, Ti: Eid. Soc. ion//, p. 367. n. 209(1888) 

 (Sikkim) ; Nicc'v. Juuni. Bomhou N. II. Soc. V. p. 297. n. 49 (189i)) (Chin Lushai) ; Mauders, 

 Tr. Eld. Sor. Land. p. 5_'6 (1890) (Shan States) ; Wat.son, ./<<«)■«. Bniahmj N.H. .SV. VI. p. 41. 

 n. 91 (1891) (Tilin, XI. II. III.) ; Walker, Tr. EiU. Soc. Loud. p. 458. n. 52 (1895) (Hong- 

 Kong, seen). 



Chamxes sanuitlui Moore, P. Z. S. p. 831 (1878) (Moolai, 3 to 6000 feet, Upp. Tena.sserim). 



Eulepk cithanuis, Moore, P. Z. S. p. 238 (1882) (N.W. Himalayas ; Kangra : Kulu, 3000 feet); Nicfjv., 

 Joiini. .U. Soc. Bciig. LI. ii. p. 61 (1882) (Sikkim. October ; pt.) ; Swinh., Tr. E,d. Soc. LomJ. 

 p. 2811. n. 192 (1893) (Khasia Hills) ; Moore, Lcp. Ind. II. p. 252. t. 184. f. lb. Ic. Id. 

 (1896) (pt.). 



Charaxex ulliamas var. xamaiha, Distant, PJiop. Mai. p. 106. n. 4 (1883) (pt. ; Mai. Pen.). 



Eulejiis hatnasta Moore, P. Z. S. p. 238 (1882) (Dharmsala, 6200 ft., in March and June). 



Charaxes {Eulepis) athamas, Wood-Mas. & Nicev., Journ. Ax. Soc. Bemj. LV. ii. p. 363. n, 99 (1886) 

 {Cachar. A'l. to VIII.) ; Doherty, ibid. p. 124. n. 94 (1886) (Kumaon) ; Elwes & Nicer., ibid. 

 p. 426. n. 81 (1886) (Ponsekai & Davoi = samatlia) ; Nicev., Gazetteer nf SiMim p. 147. n. 231 

 (1894) (Sikkim) ; Watson, Jotmi. Bombay X IT. Soc. X. p. 656. n. 118 (1896) (Chin HUIs) ; 

 Mackin. & Nicev., ibid. XI. p. .377. n, 121 (1898) (Mussoorie and the Dim, IV. to IX., common). 



Eulfpis samatha, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. IT. (5) XVI. p. 306. n. 48 (1885) (Mylong R.). 



Charaxes hharata, Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. III. p. 438. n. 712 (1867) (Darjeeling) ; Butl., Tr. 

 Ent. Soc. Loud. p. 119. a. 3 (1890) (pt. ; Nepal) ; Staud., E.cot. Tag/, p. 172 (1886) ; Kober, 

 Ent. Nai-hr. XX. p. 292 (1894). 



Nijmpha'ix athamas var. b. C. bluirata, Kirby, Cat. Diurii. Lip. p. 271. sub n. 43 (1871) (Sikkim). 



Eidepis athamas hainastn, Fruhstorfer, Ent. Nachr. XXIV. p. ISO (1898) (Sikkim ; Kashmir). 



The gradation from the wide-banded individuals (Nov. Zool. V. t. X. f. 1. 3. 9.) 

 to the narrow-banded examples (I.e. t. X. f. 2. 5. 10) is complete. The specimens 

 with broadest band occur in Sikkim in March, those with a somewhat narrower 

 band in April, May, and June, and the narrow-banded ones from August to 

 November (December ?). Hence there can be no doubt (1) that the specimens 

 belong to only one species, and (2) that the differences in the individuals must be 

 accounted for by the differences in the season. Such specimens as represented by 

 fig. 3 we have not seen from any other country than Sikkim, but they occur doubtless 

 also in other parts of North and North-West India. From North-West India we 

 have not received (nor have we seen in other collections) specimens with such a 

 narrow band as fig. 5 has. The wide-banded specimens (I.e. f. 1. 3) from Sikkim 

 are certainly those that emerged from pupae wliich had hibernated ; hence we must 

 expect to meet with similar specimens in North- West India only in the early spring 

 at higher elevations. Judging from the differences in the characters of the pale 

 South Indian form, which corresponds to the broad-banded North Indian forms, it 

 is not probable that the extreme broad-banded form occurs at low elevation in 

 North India. The product of the " dry " season in South India is a pale, but 

 comparatively narrow-banded, form ; in Burma and Teuasserim, at low elevations, 

 there occur also individuals which are somewhat similar to that " dry " season form, 

 having also a comparatively narrow band. Therefore, it seems to us probable that 

 the widest baud of athamas is the i)rodiict of a cold climate — we do not say that 

 the low temperature is the " cause " of there existing such a wide-banded form — 

 and not of a " dry " and warm one. 



The narrow-banded form is the one figured by Drury as athamas. Felder s 

 bharata has the band moderately wide, like the Sikkim iudividuiils caught in Slay 

 and June ; in Moore's hamasta, described from North-West India, the band is 



