Leber et al Marine stock-enhancement potential in nursery habitats of Mugil cephalus 



469 



in coastal environments. The use of results from pi- 

 lot studies to modify release protocol caused a con- 

 siderable increase in recovery rates and hatchery con- 

 tributions to striped mullet abundance in their nurs- 

 ery habitats. Even before fish enter a fishery, data 

 on relative survival of juveniles following pilot 

 releases can be used to design effective release 

 strategies. 



The results of this study could be magnified if en- 

 hancement activities expanded to include other nurs- 

 ery sites in Kaneohe Bay, provided sufficient habitat 

 is available. Leber et al. (1995), reported hatchery 

 releases of cultured striped mullet at Kahaluu had 

 an additive effect on population size. Kahaluu, 

 Kaalaea, and Waiahole streams are primary mullet 

 nursery habitats in Kaneohe Bay; including the lat- 

 ter two with Kahaluu as release sites would increase 

 stock-enhancement effect. 



According to this study, Leber et al. (1995), and 

 Leber and Arce ( in press ), marine stock enhancement 

 appears to have high potential as an additional fishery 

 management tool for Hawaiian coastal fishes. Hatch- 

 ery releases of striped mullet could be used in conjunc- 

 tion with fishing regulations and habitat protection, 

 with the expectation that recruitment success of juve- 

 niles and subadults would increase significantly in 

 Kaneohe Bay. To ensure that stocks are actually en- 

 hanced by hatchery-release activities, information from 

 pilot studies needs to be coupled with additional man- 

 agement considerations to provide a controlled ap- 

 proach to stock enhancement (Peterman, 1991; Cowx, 

 1994; Blankenship and Leber, 1995). 



Acknowledgments 



We thank Lee Blankenship and Dan Thompson from 

 the state of Washington Department of Fish and 

 Wildlife for their guidance and assistance in apply- 

 ing coded wire tags to striped mullet in this experi- 

 ment. We thank Chris Kelley, Ryan Takushi, and 

 biologists of the Oceanic Institute finfish program 

 for their assistance with fish production, Anthony 

 Morano ( who assisted with tagging, field collections, 

 and tag decoding) and Laurie Peterson for help with 

 graphics. We also thank Lee Blankenship, Stan 

 Moberly, Jeff Polovina, and Rich Lincoln for their 

 ideas in many fruitful discussions about the need 

 to quantify hatchery-release effects. Lastly, we thank 

 Lee and Stan and three anonymous reviewers for 

 their insightful comments on and improvements 

 to the manuscript. This paper was funded by a 

 grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

 Administration. 



Literature cited 



Acosta, A. R., and R. S. Appeldoorn. 



1995. Catching efficiency and selectivity of gill nets and 



trammel nets in coral reefs from southwestern Puerto 



Rico. Fish. Res. 22(3-41:175-196. 

 Anthony, V. C. 



1993. The state of groundfish resources off the northeast- 

 ern United States. Fisheries (Bethesda) 18(31:12-17. 



Bannister, R. C. A., and A. E. Howard. 



1991. A large-scale experiment to enhance a stock of lob- 

 ster (Homarus gammarus L.) on the English east 

 coast. ICES Mar. Sci. Symposia 192:99-107. 



Barlow, C. G., and B. A. Gregg. 



1991. Use of circuli spacing on scales to discriminate hatch- 

 ery and wild barramundi Lates calcarifer. Aquacult. Fish. 

 Manage. 22:491-498. 



Bilton, H. T., D. F. Alderdice, and J. T. Schnute. 



1982. Influence of time and size at release of juvenile coho 

 salmon iOneorhynehus kisutch) on returns at maturity. 

 Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 39:426-447. 



Blaber, S. J. M. 



1987. Factors affecting recruitment and survival of mugilids 

 in estuaries and coastal waters in Southeastern Africa. 

 Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 1:507-518. 

 Blankenship, H. L. 



1990. Effects of time and fish size on coded wire tag loss 

 from chinook and coho salmon. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 

 7:237-243. 

 Blankenship, H. L., and K. M. Leber. 



1995. A responsible approach to marine stock enhancement. 

 In H. L. Schramm Jr. and R. G. Piper (eds.), Uses and ef- 

 fects of cultured fishes in aquatic ecosystems. Am. Fish. 

 Soc. Symp. 15:167-175. 

 Brownie, C, D. R. Anderson, K. P. Burnham, and 

 D. S. Robson. 



1985. Statistical inference from band recover data — a hand- 

 book, 2nd ed. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv. Resource Publ. 

 156, Washington, D.C. 

 Buckley, R. M., and H. L. Blankenship. 



1990. Internal extrinsic identification systems: overview of 

 implanted wire tags, otolith marks and parasites. Am. 

 Fish. Soc. Symp. 7:173-182. 

 Burnham, K. P., D. R. Anderson, G. C. White, C. Brownie, 

 and K. H. Pollock. 



1987. Design and analysis methods for fish survival experi- 

 ments based on release-recapture. Am. Fish. Soc. Mono- 

 graph 5, Bethesda, MD. 

 Connor, E. F., S. H. Faeth, and D. Simberloff. 



1983. Leafminers on oak: the role of immigration and in 

 situ reproductive recruitment. Ecology 64:191-204. 



Cowx, I. G. 



1994. Stocking strategies. Fish. Manage. Ecol. 1:15-30. 

 Drawbridge, M. A., D. B. Kent, M. A. Shane, and 



R. F. Ford. 



1995. The assessment of marine stock enhancement in 

 southern California: a case study involving the white 

 seabass. In H. L. Schramm Jr. and R. G. Piper (eds. I, Uses 

 and effects of cultured fishes in aquatic ecosystems. Am. 

 Fish. Soc. Symp. 15:568-569. 



FAO. 



1992. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na- 

 tions yearbook: fishery statistics 70 ( 1990). FAO, Rome. 



Frank, K. T. 



1992. Demographic consequences of age-specific dispersal 

 in marine fish populations. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 

 49:2222-2231. 



