Lenihan et al.: Conserving oyster reef habitat 



305 



Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. Conserv. Biol. 

 12:1204-1214. 

 Hargis, W. J., Jr., and D. S. Haven. 



1988. The imperiled oyster industry of Virginia: a critical 

 analysis with recommendations for restoration. Special 

 report 290 in applied marine science and ocean engin- 

 eering, 145 p. Virginia Sea Grant Marine Advisory 

 Services, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester 

 Point, VA. 

 Jackson. J. B. C, M. X. Kirby, W. H. Berger, K. A. Bjorndal. 

 L. W. Botsford, B. J. Bourque, R. H. Bradbury. R- Cooke, 

 J. Erlandson, J. A. Estes, T. R Hughes, S. Kidwell, 

 C.B. Lange, H. S. Lenihan, J. M. Pandolphi, C. H. Peterson, 

 R. S. Steneck, M. J. Tegner, and R. R. Warner. 



2001. Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of 

 coastal ecosystems. Science 293:629-638. 

 Jennings, S., and M. J. Kaiser. 



1998. The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems. Adv. 

 Mar. Biol. 34:201-352. 



Lenihan, H. S. 



1999. Physical-biological coupling on oyster reefs: how hab- 

 itat structure influences individual performance. Ecol. 

 Monogr. 69:251-276. 



Lenihan. H. S., and F. Micheli. 



2000. Biological effects of shellfish harvesting on oyster 

 reefs: resolving a fishery conflict by ecological experi- 

 mentation. Fish. Bull. 98:86-95. 



Lenihan, H. S., and C. H. Peterson. 



1998. How habitat degradation through fishery distur- 

 bance enhances impacts of hypoxia on oyster reefs. Ecol. 

 Appl. 8:128-140. 



Lenihan, H. S., C. H. Peterson, J. E. Byers, J. H. Grabowski, 

 G. W. Thayer, and D. R. Colby. 



2001. Cascading of habitat degradation: oyster reefs in- 

 vaded by refugee fishes escaping stress. Ecol. Appl. 

 11:764-782. 



Luckenbach, M. A., R. Mann, and J. A. Wesson (eds.). 



1999. Oyster reef restoration: a synopsis and synthesis of 

 approaches, 366 p. Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences 

 Press, Gloucester Point, VA. 



Ludwig, D., R. Hilborn, and C. Walters. 



1993. Uncertainty, resource exploitation, and conservation: 

 lessons from history. Science 260:17-18. 

 Newell, R. I. E. 



1988. Ecological changes in the Chesapeake Bay: Are they 

 the result of overharvesting the American oyster, Cras- 

 sostrea virginica? In Understanding the estuary: advances 

 in Chesapeake Bay research (M. P. Lynch, E. C. Krome, 



eds.), p. 536-546. Chesapeake Bay Research Consor- 

 tium, Publ 129 CBP/TRS 24/88, Gloucester Point, VA. 

 Paerl, H. W., J. L. Pinckney, J. M. Fear, and B. L. Peierls. 



1998. Ecosystem responses to internal and watershed 

 organic matter loading: consequences for hypoxia in the 

 eutrophying Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, USA. 

 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 166:17-25. 

 Peterson, C. H., H. C. Summerson, and S. R. Fegley. 



1983. The relative efficiency of tow clam rakes and their 

 contrasting impacts on seagrass biomass. Fish. Bull. 

 81:429-434. 

 1987. Ecological consequences of mechanical harvesting of 

 clams. Fish. Bull. 85:281-298. 

 Peterson, C. H., H. C. Summerson, E. Thomson, H. S. Lenihan. 

 J. H. Grabowski, L. Manning, F. Micheli, and G. Johnson. 

 2000. Synthesis of linkages between benthic and fish 

 communities as a key to protecting essential fish habitat. 

 Bull. Mar. Sci. 66:759-774. 

 Peterson, C. H., J. H. Grabowski, and S. P. Powers. 



In press. Quantitative enhancement of fish production by 

 oyster reef habitat: restoration valuation. Mar. Ecol. 

 Prog. Ser. 

 Reise, K. 



1982. Long-term changes in the macrobenthic invertebrate 

 fauna of the Wadden Sea: are polychaetes about to take 

 over? Neth. J. Sea Res. 16:29-36. 

 Rothschild, B. J., J. S. Ault, P. Goulletquer, and M. Heral. 



1994. Decline of the Chesapeake Bay oyster population: 

 a century of habitat destruction and overfishing. Mar. 

 Ecol. Prog. Ser. 111:29-39. 

 Safriel, U. N. 



1975. The role of vermetid gastropods in the formation of 

 Mediterranean and Atlantic reefs. Oecologia 20:85-101. 

 Tamburri, M. N., R. K. Zimmer-Faust, and M. L. Tamplin. 



1992. Natural sources and properties of chemical induc- 

 ers mediating settlement of oyster larvae: a re-examin- 

 ation. Biol. Bull. 183:327-337. 

 Watling L., and E. A. Norse. 



1998. Disturbance of the seabed by mobile fishing gear: a 

 comparison to forest clearcutting. Cons. Biol. 12:1180- 

 1197. 

 Wells, H. W. 



1961. The fauna of oyster reefs with special reference to 

 the salinity factor. Ecol. Monogr. 31:239-266. 

 Wilson, W. H„ Jr. 



1979. Community structure and species diversity of the 

 sediment reefs constructed by Petaloproctus socialis (Poly- 

 chaeta: Maldanidae). J. Mar. Res. 37:623-641. 



