182 



FISHERY BULLETIN OF THE FISH AND WILDLIFE SEEVICE 



LITERATURE CITED 



Bell, D. J. 



1948. The structure of glycogens. Biol. Rev. Cam- 

 bridge Philos. Soc, vol. 23, pp. 256-266. 

 Collier, Albert, and Sammy M. Rat. 



1948. An automatic proportioning apparatus for ex- 

 perimental study of the effects of chemical solutions 

 on aquatic animals. Science, vol. 107, pp. 576-577. 



Collier, Albert, Sammy M. Ray, and Wayne Magnit- 

 zkt. 

 1950. A preliminary note on naturally occurring organic 

 substances in sea water affecting the feeding of 

 oysters. Science, vol. Ill, pp. 151-152. 



Dische, Zacharias. 



1927. Uber Charakteristische Farbreaktionen der Mil- 

 chsaure des Methylglyoxals und der Kohlehydrate 

 mit Carbozal und Schwefelsaure. Biochem. Zeit- 

 schrift, vol. 189, pp. 77-80. 



Erdman, J. Gordon, and Augusta B. Little. 



1950. Special report on the analysis of marine coastal 

 and estuarial waters. Mellon Institute of Industrial 

 Research, University of Pittsburgh. May 1950. 

 50 figs. 

 Galtsoff, Paul S. 



1926. New methods to measure the rate of flow pro- 

 duced by the gills of oysters and other Mollusca. 

 Science, new series, vol. 63, No. 1626, pp. 233-234. 



1928a. Experimental study of the function of the 

 oyster gills and its bearing on the problems of oyster 

 culture and sanitary control of the oyster industry. 

 Bull. United States Bur. Fish., vol. 44, pp. 1-39. 



1928b. The effect of temperature on the mechanical 

 activity of the gills of the oyster (Ostrea virginica, 

 Gmelin). Jour. Gen. Physiol., vol. 11, pp 415-431. 



1946. Reaction of oysters to chlorination. United 

 States Fish and Wildlife Service, Research Rept. 11. 

 Galtsoff, Paul S., Herbert F. Prytherch, Robert O. 

 Smith, and Vera Koehring. 



1935. Effects of crude oil pollution on oysters in 

 Louisiana waters. Bull. United States Bur. Fish., 

 vol. 48, pp. 143-210. 



KORRINGA, P. 



1949. More light upon the problem of the oyster's 

 nutrition? Bijdragen Tot de Dierkunde, vol. 28, 

 pp. 237-248. 



Moore, H. F. 



1908. Volumetric studies of the food and feeding of 



oysters. Bull. United States Bur. Fish., vol. 



28, pp. 1297-1308, 1 table, 6 figs., 1 pi. 

 Nelson, Thurlow C. 



1936. Water filtration by the oyster and a new hormone 

 effect upon the rate of flow. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol, 

 and Med., vol. 34, pp. 189-190. 



Yonge, C. M. 



1926. Structure and physiology of the organs of feeding 

 and digestion in Ostrea edulis. Jour. Mar. Biol. 

 Assoc, new series, vol. 14, p. 2. 



1928. The absorption of glucose by Ostrea edulis. 

 Jour. Mar. Biol. Assn., new series, vol. 15, pp. 643-653 

 (rev. Jour, du Conseil, vol. 4, p. 124). 



APPENDIX 

 ESTIMATING CARBOHYDRATES IN SEA WATER 



The test for carbohydrates was developed by 

 Dische (1927) with adaptations to suit our re- 

 quirements by Erdman, who found that N-ethyl- 

 carbazole (Ci 2 H 8 NC2H 6 ) was better suited for work 

 with sea water than carbazole (Erdman and Little 

 1950). Further modifications were made for the 

 particular type of electrophotometer (Fisher AC) 

 used. All photometer readings were made with 

 a green filter which bracketed the range of the 

 peak absorptions of the dyes resulting from the 

 use of the N-ethyl-carbazole reagent. 



The reagent was prepared by dissolving 250 

 mg. of N-ethyl-carbazole in 250 ml. of prechilled 

 90-percent sulfuric acid (reagent grade ') . It was 

 made up in quantities to last not more than 48 

 hours and stored in the refrigerator. Use of dis- 

 tilled tapwater sometimes resulted in the develop- 

 ment of a green color in the reagent, but distilled 

 rainwater eliminated this difficulty. The tap- 

 water was Mississippi River water from a small 

 sedimentation and chlorinating plant. No ex- 

 planation is offered for this reaction, but it is 

 mentioned as a precaution to any who might 

 apply the test. All glassware, including reagent 

 bottles, should be thoroughly seasoned in sul- 

 furic acid before being used. 



Exposed to direct sunlight, the reagent will 

 turn green and become valueless in approximately 

 5 minutes. It should be mixed in subdued light 

 and stored in the dark. 



In many cases where there is no carbohydrate 

 present in the water the reaction will develop 

 into deep green. In deep ocean waters this color 

 has been found to be associated with high nitrate 

 values; but if carbohydrates are present with the 

 nitrates, the deep green will not develop. 



The routine procedure was as follows: (1) The 

 sea water sample was centrifuged for 10 minutes 

 at a relative centrifugal force of 336. (2) A 

 2.5-ml. sample was drawn by pipette from the 

 top of the centrifuged sample and put in a 25-ml. 

 tube with 22.5 ml. of N-ethyl-carbazole reagent 

 and hydrolyzed for 15 minutes at 70° C. ±0.5° 

 C. A small chip of lint- and paper-free paraffin 

 was dropped on the surface to exclude oxygen. 

 (3) After hydrolysis, the sample was cooled for 



' Acid supplied in bottles with seals of cellulose derivatives was contam- 

 inated by them and was made unsuitable for this test. 



