( 453 ) 

 1. Lanius borealis. 



The Grey Pije <if Ih-unH, eir. Edwards, Glra>iiii,/s vii. p. 231. pi. 318 (1702). 



Lmihis horeiiVs A'ieill., Ilml. Nut. Oin. Am., Sept., i. p. 80. pi. 50. (1807): Gadow, Cut. B. Brit. 



Mus. viii. p. 240(1883). 

 Lmiius fepleiilriuimlis Bonap. (/«<• Gmel.), Cuiis/i. Ai-. i. p. 3C3 (1850). 

 Laiiius boiriilis (iniericdims Bogd., S,ir<ilr,jiiitui RiixslSi, Fauniti Znjiiski Iiuji. Akml. Xaiih. xxxix. 



pp. 102, 208, and 218 (1881). 



Adult male. - Di^tittgnished tVom L. major, which it resembles in liaving the 

 secondary quills black to the base of the outer web, by having the rump and n[)iier 

 tail-coverts pure white, and the feathers of the breast and under parts ornamented 

 with dusky concentric bars on each feather ; these markings are always present, 

 though somewhat faint in the most adult examples. 



Total length ca. 9-5 in. ; wing 4-5, tail 4-3, tarsus 1-15. 



Adult female. — In the most adult birds the ni)per jiarts are of as pure a grey as 

 in the fully adult male, but the great majdrity of vn\a\t females have the grey of 

 the upper parts more or less tinged with brown. The concentric markings on the 

 feathers of the under parts appear to be always well defined, even in the most adult. 



Measurements as in the male. 



Immature bird,-, of both sexes have the grey of the upper parts, as well as the 

 sides of the throat, breast and flanks, strongly washed with brown ; the greater 

 secondary coverts clearly edged with buff ; the white at the base of the primary 

 quills less developed than in the adult, the black being continued down the shaft 

 towards the base, and dividing the white on the inner and outer web. 



Ilab. Northern Nortii America, ranging south in winter to the middle jwrtions 

 of the United States (Virginia, Kentucky, Kansas, Colorado, Arizona and Northern 

 California). Breeds north of the United States. 



Lanius major and Allies. 



The forms which appear under the following names — L. inajor, L. excuhitor, 

 L. homeyeri and L. leucopterus — grade imperceptibly into one another, every 

 intermediate link being found between typical L. major, with the secondary quills 

 black to the base and the basal part of the outer pair of tail-feathers black, and 

 L. leucopterus, which has the median secondaries entirely white with the exception 

 of a black patch on the outer web and the two outer pairs of tail-feathers white. 

 For convenience sake we have recognised four distinct types connected by a chain 

 of intermediate birds. The whole may be likened to a bridge of three sjians, the 

 birds referable to each type forming the piers towards which the preponderance of 

 individuals tend, and the intermediate birds, in considerably diminishing numbers, 

 forming the arches. 



2. Lanius major (PI. XXIV. XXV.). 



The Greater Butcher-Binl Albin., Nat. UUl. B. ii. p. 13. I'l. XIII. (1738). 



Lanius iiMJur Pall., /f»i.7r. Jiusso-As. i. p. 401 (1831) [North Russia and thi-ouglioiit Siberia] ; 



Gadow, t.c. p. 2311; Collett, /W.s 1880. pp. 30—40 : Aplin, Zonlnyisl, 1891. p. 187, 18112. p. 112 ; 



Backhouse, Zuu/mjisl, 18'.ll. p. 310. 

 Lanius horealis sibiricux Bogd., t. c. pp. 101, 102, 2O0 and 218. 

 Lanius horealis asiaticus * Bogd. t. c. p. 115. 

 Lanius borealis eurajneus Bogd., t. c. pp. 102, 103, 2o;i, 218. 

 ianms sibiricus Stejn., P. U. S. Nut. Mus. xvi. p. 217 (18'.t3) (Yezo). 



• Apparently lapsus calami for L. sibirivns Bogd. 



