( 454 ) 



Adult jflf^/i-.-Rescral.lcs A. hormlh i„ always liavin- the genera) colour above 

 light grey, the secondary qnills black to the liase of the enter web, and the 

 inner webs more or less whitish towards the base. These feathers arc rather 

 narrowly tijiped with white, the tips being abont 0-25 in. wide. The runi[>' and 

 npper tail-coverts are generally grey, rarely whitish ; there is no black band at tiie 

 base of the culnien, the feathers of these jiarts being whitish (see PI. XXIV.): the 

 nnder parts are pnre white without any trace of the concentric bars characteristic 

 of iiumatnrity; the secondary coverts are black, without lighter niaru-ins. 

 Total length ca. 0-5 iu. ; wing 4-4, tail T)-."), tarsns l-ii."). 



AiluU ./;7«'/ A'.— Resembles the adult m„le, but occasionally breeding birds, 

 ajtparently fnlly adult, may lie found retaining faint bands on the breast. The' 

 female is slightly smaller than the mule. 



The immature bird is almost indistinguisiiable from the young of /.. horenlis, 

 the grey of the upper j.arts being strongly washed with brown, and the under parts' 

 more or less suffused with the same colour ; the secondary coverts are conspicuously 

 margined with buff, and the white bases to the primary qnills are less developed 

 than in the adult. 



Immature birds of tlie present species in this stage of i)lumage may generally 

 be distinguished from immature of L. mollis by the general greyish white colour of 

 the rump and upper tail-coverts. 



Had. Northern Palaearctic IJegion ranging north to Scandinavia, N. Russia, 

 and throughout Northern and Central Siberia (o the moutli of tlie Amur, and thence 

 straggling to Japan ; wandering southwards to England, Southern Euroi)e, and 

 Asia Miuor. 



3. Lanius excubitor (PI. XXV. fig. 2). 



La Pie-(/rieKrlip f/rixr Brisw., Orn. ii. p. 141. pi. 2 (1760). 



L<mius ej-cuhilnr Lino., .S>^ N.il. i. p. l.S.o(17e6) ; Pall., Zow/,-. Jin^m-As. i. 402 (1831 ) (Russia and 

 whole of Europe) ; Gadow., t. c. p. 2:i7 ; Bogd., t. c. pp. 130, -211, and 219 ; Collett, /iw, 1886 

 pp. 30—40 ; Backhouse, lih, I8S1. p. 310 ; Aplin, Znn/o,,;.,!, IH'.II. p. 187, 18;i2. p. 112. ' 



Cinereous Slirlke Montagu, Urn. Did. Brit. B. ii. Alph. .Syn. (1802). 



Lanius cinereua Leach, Si/sl. Cut. Mamm. ami B., p. 19 (18I{;) (Wiltsliii-e, Montagu). 



Laiiius rajm.i- Brehm, J. f. O. 1854. p. 147. (Tjpe examined : ex Mu.s Hothschird). 



Arliilf male.—JAka L. major, but differs in having the basal half of the si.\ 

 outer secondary rjudls white on both webs ; the white terminril portion of the outer 

 tail-feathers is wider, the white on tlie outermost pair predominating over the black. 



Total length ca. 9-ri in. ; wing 4-4, tail 4-3, tarsus 11. 



Adult female.— 'A\xa\\^x to the mule, but sometimes with faint traces of concentric 

 bars on the chest and breast. Females are a trifle smaller in their measurements. 



Yoimj />//y/s.— Heseudile the young of L. major, but may be distinguished 

 by having the basal half of tiie secondary qnills white as in the adult. 



llah. Occupies almost the same range as that indicated for L. major. Many 

 forms intermediate l)etween the two occur in Enrojie, as well as in Turkestan and 

 in Eastern Siberia. 



4. Lanius homeyeri (PI. .\XV. lig. 3). 



Lanixts Uomeijeri Cab., .T.f. <). 1873. p. ir, (Volga and S. Austria) ; Bogd., t c pp 14'' nx ind ''I'l 

 pi. 3. fig. 1 (1881) ; Gadow, t. c, p. 242. 



Adult OTffl/?.— May be distinguished from tlie preceiling species, L. e.rmhitor, 

 by having the basal two-thirds of the outer sec<.iidary quills white, only the 



