( 465 ) 



t'oiir iHitcr jiairs with the basal jinrt ami tips white, the amount of white gradually 

 iiRTcasiiig towards the outermnst pair, which are white with a large subterminal 

 fatvh of bhick on the inner web. 



Total length ca. 7 in ; wing H-'.), tail :} — H-J, tarsus 1. 



Adult femalf. — Like the adult mud', but tlie colours are less bright and sharply 

 defined, the black feathers on the foi'ehead being edged and mixed with rufous, and 

 the interscapular region and wings brownish black. 



Yiiiimj birds. — Have the upper parts pale sandy brown, more or le.ss washed 

 with rufous and barred with brownish black ; the under parts whitish, with 

 concentric dusky markings, except on the throat and middle of the belly ; the white 

 speculum at the base of the primaries is developed at an early stage ; the outer tail- 

 feathers have the white parts tinged with rufous and the dark parts brownish, irregu- 

 larly mottled with blackish, and more or less marked with dark snbmarginal lines. 



II<th. Central and Southern Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, ranging south- 

 westwards to the Gambia. We have recently received au adult male cullected 

 by Mr. C. W. Andrews at Helonan, Egypt. 



22. Lanius rufus. 



La Pir-Grlesrhe Roiisse \ Brisson, Oni. ii. p. 147 (ITliO). 



Laiitds cnlhirio var. y ni/iis Gmel. {iie<- LiuQ*), S.N. i. p. 301 (1788). 



Laniim rntilns Lath., Ind. Oni. i. p. 70 (1790). 



Emirocloniix n'dotimis Bonap., Rcv.et irmj. Znol. 1853. p. 439 (White Nile). 



Eimenrloniix jardinii Miiller, /. /. (K 18.j5. p. 4.00 (Sjnuar and Nubia). 



LaniKii pamdimi.t A. & L. Brehm, Vnr/nlftuii/ p. 84 (1865) (Egypt and S. Europe). 



Laniiia anricnlatiis Gadow ("cc Miill.), t. c. p. 283 (part). 



Lwiiiix Kemitor pamdor.us Hartert, t. c. p. 417. 



Adult male infreshlii moulted jdumfiijc—Dx^ei-ii from L. pomeiaiui^ in having 

 the basal portion of the middle tail-feathers white. In some exami)les the lores are 

 almost entirely black, scarcely showing a trace of white. 



Total length ca. T'o in. ; wing 3-7 — 3-'.), tail 3-35, tarsus 1. 



Adult female in freshli/ moulted plumage— hiku the female of L. pomeiuiuti, 

 but, as in the male, the basal portion of the tail is white. 



You//(/ birds. — Resemble the young of L. jwrneraniis, but may be recognised 

 by the white bases to the middle tail-feathers. 



Hab. North-East Africa and South-Western Asia, ranging from Egypt, Nubia, 

 and the White Nile through Abyssinia and Somaliland to Arabia and Palestine, and 

 thence eastwards to Southern Persia and even to Sind. 



23. Lanius badius. 



Lanius hadins Hartl., J. f. 0. 1854. p. 100 (Gold Coast) ; Gadow, f. c. p. 285. 

 Eimmrtimm iierlondh Miiller, J. f. 0. 1855. p. 450 (Sennar). 

 Ldii/iix sninlnr liadiiis Hartert, t. c. p. 417 (Gambaga). 



Adull male infrcshb/ moulted plumage.— (.%»e\)- resembles L. pomeraini.s but 

 the white at the base of the primaries is wanting or very slightly indicated, never 

 forming a speculum. 



Total length ca. 7-5 in. ; wing 3-8, tail 3-0, tarsns 1-0. 



.[dultjhmle in/re.i/d>/ m.oulf,'d plumage. ^Uke the male, bnt the colours are 

 less brightj the black feathers on the forehead being mixed with bull'. 



Ilah. West Africa, ranging eastwards to Sennar. 



• Lanius riifiis Linn. = I'«?wn nifa (Jadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mm. viii. p. 10.'. 



30 



