( 471 ) 



wing-coverts ; middlo tiiil-featliers liliick : second ]>!iir IdiK-k, narrowly tipped with 

 wliite ; third jiair witli the hase and tip white ; fonrtli pair white, with a large 

 snbtorininal patch of black ; two outermost pairs pure white (in the oldest 

 examples ?), or witli a subterrainal blotch of black on tjie inner web of the 

 fii'fl] ]iair. 



Total length ea. 8-5 in. ; wing 4-5 — 4-6, tail 3-5— 3-0, tarsus 1. 



In nearbj adidt examples the forehead is black mixed with grey and white, 

 and the under jjarts are pure white, otherwise the plumage resembles that of 

 the adult. 



Ratlwr yoiaiyi'i- bin/a.— Havi' the entire np])er jiarts, including the forehead and 

 crown, brownish grey. 



Ni'st/inffs. —lia,\e the crown and upper parts brownish grey, barred with whitish 

 and dusky; the secondaries and wing-eoverts edged with wliite; the under jiarts 

 white ; and the wings and tail as in the adulf. 



I fad. Southern Europe and South- \Vesteru Asia as far east as Central Tnrkestau 

 anil Afghanistan ; Africa southwards to the Cape (!olony. 



35. Lanius coUui'io. 



Lmiiim col/iirin Linn., S.X. i. p. 13C (I70C) ; Gadow, t. c. p. 280. 



Laniiis spbiitoniiiiis Bechst., Nut. Diulschl. ii. p. 1335 (1805). 



La/tilts duniefwtnH Brehm, Vot/. Dfiifachl. p. 234 (1831) (Germany). 



Luniux cogiiatiis Brehm, Voyelfamj, p. 84 (1855), and Ntiiiiiiiuiuia, 1855. p. 275. (Immature bird ; 



S. Europe). 

 Laniim anderssoni Strickl. & Scl. in Jard. Coiitr. Orn. p. 145 (1852) (Damaraland). 

 Lanius cerufiinDsiis Klein (lesle Heuglin), Om. N. 0. Afr. i. pt. ii. p. 474 (1871). 

 Ltinitis amlrrsoiii (sic) Bogd., t. c. p. 45. 

 Lanius affiiiis Fischer & Reichenow {iicc Legge), J.f. 0. 1884. p. 201 (Lindi) (based on an immature 



male, still retaining the tail of the first plumage). 

 Enneoctoiiiis loUiiriu Bogd., t. c. pp. 02, 204 — 0, and 210. 

 Enneochiiiiis rek'henuci Shelley, Bull. B. 0. C. iii. no. xviii. p. .\lii (18'J4). 



Adult male. — Crown and hindneck grey, somewhat paler on the forehead ; 

 a narrow band of feathers across the base of the culmen, as well as the lores, 

 feathers round eye and ear-coverts, black ; back, scapulars, and innermost 

 secondaries, jiale chestnut, shading into grey on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; 

 under parts white, with a pinkish tinge on the breast and sides ; wings black, 

 the ijnills and coverts with the outer webs narrowly margined with Initf, some white 

 at the extreme base of the primary quills ; middle pair of tail-feathers black, 

 outer pairs black with the basal part white, the amount of white increasing on 

 each successive pair till the outermost pair have only the subterminal third or less 

 black ; the tail-feathers are, moreover, narrowly margined externally, and all are 

 tipped, with white. 



Total length ca. T-5 in. ; wing 3(), tail 3-2, tarsus 1, 



In some specimens which ajijicar to be very old birds the amount of chestnut 

 on the u]iper parts is reduced and the grey is proportionally increased. 



Adult female. — (Jeneral colour above reddish brown, brightest on the crown, 

 back, and longer upper tail-coverts, somewhat greyer on the nape, and becoming 

 whitish on the lores, forehead, and su])erciliaries ; in the oldest birds the crown and 

 upjier tail-coverts have a more greyish tinge ; ear-coverts reddish brown, under 

 parts white ; sides of the throat and neck, breast, sides and flanks with concentric 

 brown bands to the feathers ; wings mucli like those of the mule, but tlie white at 



