( 172 ) 



the base of the priaiary ijiiills is iibsfiit, ; tail-fcuthers niloiis-bniwii, the imtcv pairs 

 uaiTowly margiiieil cxteniiilly ami ti]i)ii'il with white. 



Size as in the ailiilt >mi/i: 



Immntxre miilc (Aju'il). — Hesembh's tlie ailult on the upper snrface of the 

 body, liiit the cohiiir.s are less pure, and the crown and upper tail-coverts still show 

 traces of dusky bars ; the feathers at the base of the culmen and lores are whitish, 

 the ear-coverts less intense black, the sides of the throat, chest and sides of the 

 body with concentric dark markings, and the tail-feathers like those of the /t'/«'(/c. 



In a somewhat older bird ((Jloucestershire, undated) the npj)er parts and 

 tail resemble those of the adult iikiIi', while the under parts are similar to 

 those of the immature April bird <lesciiiiecl above. 



Youiiq hiril.s. — IJesemble the adult JciihiIi-, but the upjier parts are more 

 uniformly rufous-brown and entirely barred with dusky. 



I lab. Europe, ranging north in summer to Scandinavia to about 64' N. latitude ; 

 eastwards to Western Turkestan, Persia, and Arabia ; southwards in Africa to 

 Natal, ('ape Colony, and Angola. 



30. Lanius gubernator. 



Lmiiiix r/Klimiiilur Marl], , Orii. Ccnlrulhl. IH8'2. p. Ill (Eiiuatorial Africa); Alexander, Jhix, I'Mi. 

 p. rsil (dambaga and Sekwi, Gold Coast). 



Adult male. — The u]>per i)arts are very similar to those of />. coUurio, but tiie 

 lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts are chestnut, like the back ; the breast, 

 sides and flanks are rich bufl" ; and the white at the base of the middle primaries 

 extends farther up the feathers, beyond the greater coverts, forming a small Itnl 

 conspicuous speculum. 



Total length ca. G-5 in. ; wing 3-1, tail 2'5, tarsus 0-85. 



Adult female. . — Resembles the adult male. 



Young birds. — Have the general colour of the up[)er j)arts brown, barred with 

 black, especially on the wing-coverts and inner secondaries ; subsequeuth' the 

 chestnut of the upper j)arts makes its ap[)earance, and the bars on the under 

 snrface disappear. 



Hab Equatorial Africa to the Gold Coast. 



37. Lanius raddei. 



Liiiiiiis nuldei Dresser, P. Z. S., 1888. p. 201 (Kiilkiilais Tianspaspia) : /</., I), of Eurojjp, ix. 



(Siijijil.) p. 171. PI. GG9 (IH'.l.'^.) ; Neumann, J.f.d. I'.ino. pp. VM and 2(ii; (East Africa).* 

 Lanius dichrounis Menzb., Iliis, 1894. p. 382 (Kenderlik R., Lake Zaissan). 

 ■Lanius iiifiiscalus Suschkin, .!««. .I/«.s-. .S'(. Peti rsb. I8i)C. p. 4i) (Kenderlik R.). 



Adult t/ialr ill breediih/ jiliimaye (Kenderlik, May). — Crown and nape grey, 

 shading into white on the forehead and superciliary strijies ; feathers in front of 

 and below the eye as well as the ear-coverts black ; in some examples there is also 

 a narrow black baud of feathers across the base of the culmen ; liack an<l rumj) 

 light greyish brown ; upjier tail-coverts inclining to rusty ; under]iarts white, the 

 sides of the throat and lireast tinged with ])inkish bulf, inclining to tawny on 

 the flanks ; tail as in /,. nilliirio, but the wiiite jiortidus of the outer pairs are 



I lave been nnable to examine this speeiniun, as it was not forwarded with the otlier species of 

 Lanius kindly lent me by Dr. lieiclienow for examination. It would be well to re-examine tliis bird, 

 as the corroclness of the iilenlilication appears to me lUmbtful. 



