Human gene therapy: Insertion of nomial DNA directly into cells to correct a genetic 

 detect. 



Human Genome Initiative: Collective name for several projects begun in 1986 by 

 DOE to ( 1 ) create an ordered set of DNA segments from known chromosomal 

 locations. (2) develop new computational methods for analyzing genetic map and 

 DNA sequence data, and (3) develop new techniques and instruments for detecting 

 and analyzing DNA. This initiative is now known as the Human Genome Program. 



Hybridization: The process of joining two complementary strands of DNA. or of 

 DNA and RNA together, to form a double-stranded molecule. 



In situ colony hybridization: Use of a DNA or RNA probe to detect by in situ 



hybridization the presence of the complementary DNA sequence in cloned bacterial 

 or cultured eukaryotic cells. 



Informatics: The study of the application of computer and statistical techniques to the 

 management of information. In genome projects, informatics includes the devel- 

 opment of methods to search databases quickly, to analyze DNA sequence 

 information, and to predict protein sequence and structure from DNA sequence 

 data. 



International technology transfer: Movement of inventions and technical know-how 

 across national borders. 



Introns: The DNA sequences interrupting the protein-coding sequences of a gene; 

 these sequences are transcribed into RNA but are cut out of the message before it 

 is translated into protein. Compare e.xons. 



Karyotype: A photomicrograph of an individual's chromosomes arranged in a 

 standard format showing the number, size, and shape of each chromosome type; 

 used in low-resolution physical mapping to correlate gross chromosomal 

 abnormalities with the characteristics of specific diseases. 



Kilobase (kb): Unit of length for DNA fragments on physical maps (equal to the 

 distance spanned by 1000 base pairs). 



Library: An unordered collection of clones (i.e., cloned DNA from a particular 

 organism), whose relationship can be established by physical mapping. Compare 

 genomic library, arrayed library. 



Linkage: The proximity of two or more markers (e.g., genes, RFLP markers) on a 

 chromosome; the closer together the markers are, the lower the probability that 

 they will be separated during DNA repair or replication processes (binary fission in 

 prokaryotes, mitosis or meiosis in eukaryotes), and hence the greater the probability 

 that they will be inherited together. 



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