and Africa. Since the early 1950s, WHO and FAO have 

 had this topic near the top of their agendas, and U.S. 

 institutions have been major contributors. The United 

 States subsidizes several percent of the chemical 

 pesticide purchases by developing countries, both 

 through AID and the international banks, but it 

 exercises stringent control over the pesticides it 

 supplies directly. Unfortunately, within developing 

 countries only a few scientific institutions are 

 seriously involved in various aspects of insect 

 control, and routine application of chemical pesticides 

 by untrained personnel often prevails. 



USDA, EPA, NIH, and NSF support extensive research 

 in the United States on the effects of pesticides and 

 on integrated pest management, and some of these 

 activities already have overseas extensions in the 

 developing countries. AID also supports a consortium 

 of U.S. universities which is providing technical 

 assistance and training. CGIAR supports some pesticide 

 activities at its international centers. The 

 International Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology 

 (ICIPE) in Nairobi is an unusual collaborative 

 experiment initiated by the scientific community and 

 directed at a variety of insect problems of Africa. 

 ICIPE's effort to train and use local talent as fully 

 as possible has engendered wide support. 



Many of the international mechanisms are in place 

 for an expanded U.S. effort in this area. The two 

 weakest mechanisms are arrangements for bilateral 

 programs with the non-AID developing countries and 

 effective channels for conveying U.S. industrial 

 expertise to users in developing countries. 



Proposed Initiatives 



We propose that the United States offer assistance, 

 as requested by developing countries that are committed 

 to improved use of pesticides, in three ways: 



Strengthening Scientific and Technical Personnel . 

 The strengthening of selected departments of entomology 

 in universities in developing countries is a top 

 priority need. U.S. chemical firms with interests and 

 personnel in the developing countries should be 

 encouraged to provide on-the-job training for local 

 technical personnel. 



Upgrading Local Management Capability . Symposia 

 for senior governmental officials in developing 

 countries to discuss the implications of the problem 

 and the need for national regulation should be 

 continued and expanded. While some work in this area 

 is sponsored by U.S. exporters, it is essential that 

 this be bolstered by intergovernmental and/or 



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