The technologies developed in the United states are 

 seldom directly transferrable to developing countries, 

 however. Each ecological situation has unique strains 

 of organisms or variations in population intensities, 

 and the many interactions of the environment with hosts 

 and pests require that different packages of 

 technologies be developed and verified for each 

 combination of factors. 



USDA and the land-grant universities house a wealth 

 of scientific capabilities in the many disciplines 

 required for effective pest control programs. In 

 addition, large numbers of students from most 

 developing countries have been trained in breeding and 

 pest control disciplines in this country. These 

 students can provide a vital link between U.S. 

 scientists and the government and farmers in their 

 respective countries. Further, direct cooperative 

 relationships between U.S. agricultural colleges and 

 similar institutions in developing countries can evolve 

 quality educational programs in pest control and 

 related fields. 



The United states will benefit from sustained 

 efforts abroad. New pests may be identified that may 

 later become difficult problems in the United States or 

 elsewhere. Also, new strains of crops and animals can 

 be tested under the more severe stress conditions often 

 encountered in developing countries. A related 

 beneficial result would be the identification of 

 superior crop germ plasm materials and resistant 

 strains of animals that can be used in U.S. breeding 

 programs. 



Proposed Initiatives 



We recommend that the United States propose broad 

 international support for an array of plant and animal 

 protection activities. These could include: (1) 

 continuing support of CGIAE centers, which are deeply 

 concerned with many important pest management programs 

 as part of their work on crop and livestock 

 improvement; and (2) support for efforts by individual 

 developing countries to evolve quality research 

 programs for the development of appropriate integrated 

 pest management systems for both crops and livestock. 

 Assistance should also be provided to strengthen 

 extension programs for implementing pest management 

 programs at the farm level. Particular emphasis should 

 be placed on training national research personnel. 



It is widely recognized that there is a gap between 

 the work of the CGIAR-supported international research 

 centers and other advanced research organizations, on 

 the one hand, and national capabilities in developing 



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