be prepared to offer and participate in programs that 

 aim at a wide range of needs, appeal to different 

 countries and regions, and are also responsive to the 

 varied interests and capabilities of people and 

 institutions in the United States. 



The Goals of Development 



Broadly speaking, development is concerned with two 

 important goals: (1) eradication of extreme poverty by 

 satisfying the most basic needs for food, shelter, 

 health, employment, and education; and (2) 

 modernization and growth of national output both for 

 domestic consumption and to earn income through export. 



Scientific knowledge and technology are an 

 indispensable part of the development process. Yet, 

 they are only two elements in a larger setting where 

 political, social, and economic traditions, values, and 

 processes may be more fundamental factors affecting 

 change. 



The experience of the past quarter century has 

 shown the limitations of equating growth with 

 development. Many developing countries have 

 successfully raised their gross national products, 

 increased food supplies and educational opportunities, 

 and improved health and living conditions. Yet 

 millions of people remain little affected by these 

 successes, necessitating new and different measures to 

 bring these benefits to the poorest people. 



Quality of life and quantity of output are, 

 however, closely related. Low-income countries cannot 

 overcome the worst aspects of poverty without raising 

 average output and income per capita; this fact has led 

 most to drive for industrialization and more 

 substantial access to the world's industrial 

 technology. The thorny issues raised by these desires 

 are discussed in Chapter 2. In developing countries, 

 fear of exploitation by transnational corporations that 

 control much of the science and technology needed for 

 industrialization is matched, in developed countries, 

 by fear that exports of industrial technology will 

 result in loss of jobs and markets. There is no easy 

 resolution of these issues, but the 1979 U.N. 

 Conference can provide an important opportunity for 

 generating greater common understanding of the problems 

 involved. 



Autonomy and Interdependence 



Developing countries often identify autonomy and 

 self-reliance in the management of their own affairs as 



