industrialization process generally. It should be 

 recognized that U.S. initiatives in the 

 industrialization field are constrained by the fact 

 that most U.S. industrial technology is in the private 

 sector, which limits the extent of direct government 

 influence on its transfer. Policies and institutional 

 capabilities of both the United States and developing 

 countries do, however, influence the incentives and 

 opportunities for technology transfer and adaptation by 

 the private sector. 



9. Improving Urban Settlements 



By the year 2000, about 40 percent of the 

 developing world's population is likely to be living in 

 urban places (variously defined) . Improved technical 

 skills in building and managing urban settlements could 

 help avert the negative impacts of haphazard 

 urbanization that affect both cities and rural areas. 



Perhaps the greatest potential for building better 

 cities lies in programs for integrated community- 

 building, from self-help site-and-services projects to 

 massive planned urban development. Many programs 

 undertaken to date have been too costly, have ignored 

 the poor, or have created communities that people find 

 unsuited to their needs. Yet they demonstrate the 

 feasibility of building whole communities through urban 

 development corporations that attempt to lay out 

 workable physical plans and employment opportunities 

 consistent with economic and social goals. 



We recommend that the United states propose an 

 international undertaking through the new U.N. Habitat 

 Center in Nairobi to help developing countries organize 

 new metropolitan growth and redevelop existing slums 

 and blighted areas. With adequate international 

 support, programs already underway or being planned in 

 several countries might provide important lessons for 

 improving on the concepts and methods tried to date. 

 We also propose that the United states allocate funds 

 for a series of grants in developing countries for 

 projects in smaller cities (which are potential 

 counter-attractions to the metropolis) to demonstrate 

 new applications of science and technology in solar 

 energy, waste management, water recycling, 

 desalination, innovative public transport, advances in 

 telecommunications, and the like. 



The United States might also offer to contribute to 

 an international fund, perhaps managed by the World 

 Bank, to provide loans for city-building activities, 

 emphasizing integrated development of whole communities 

 and covering a wide range of techniques. Control of 

 urban land use is crucial. In market economies, where 



17 



