A number of existing implementation mechanisms can 

 be expanded through increased U.S. efforts. U.S. 

 universities have undertaken a wide range of research 

 in reproductive biology of relevance to the search for 

 improved contraception. The Center for Population 

 Research at the National Institute of Child Health and 

 Human Development, AID, the Population Council and its 

 International Committee for Contraceptive Research, the 

 AID-funded International Fertility Research Program and 

 the Northwestern University Program for Applied 

 Research on Fertility Regulation, and the Ford and 

 Rockefeller foundations are among the U.S. 

 organizations that have given priority to biomedical 

 and contraceptive research and development, with 

 activities ranging from basic biomedical research in 

 the United states to contraception- re la ted adaptation 

 efforts in developing countries. 



The Program for the Introduction and Adaptation of 

 Contraceptive Technology is a new organization 

 supported by both U.S. and multilateral funding. The 

 Canadian IDRC has supported applied research in this 

 field and WHO has given priority to its Special 

 Programme of Research, Development and Research 

 Training in Human Reproduction. The Indian Council for 

 Medical Research also has an important program in 

 contraceptive development. All these agencies have the 

 organizational capacity for additional effort but lack 

 the funds to expand current programs. 



Although the necessary institutional base is 

 largely available, there are major constraints to 

 expanded work in this field. Primarily they are 

 insufficient personnel and funding to carry out the 

 kind of crash research programs necessary to meet the 

 need and insufficient incentives for active 

 participation by the private sector. An "adequate" 

 worldwide effort by governments, foundations, and 

 industry in this field was estimated in 1976 to cost 

 $361 million annually, three times the available 

 amount. Actual U.S. expenditures in 1974 totaled $62.3 

 million, with $38.0 million (61 percent) from 

 government, $12.7 million (20 percent) from 

 foundations, and $11.6 million (19 percent) from 

 industry. With rising costs, the annual research 

 expenditures would need to increase to about half a 

 billion dollars in 1980. Expenditures for U.S. work in 

 this field would be expected to be approximately two- 

 thirds of the total. Worldwide costs for a "high 

 priority" program (receiving 10 percent of medical 

 research funds) were estimated at $566 million in 1976, 

 rising to $766 million in 1980 with by far the largest 

 share drawn from governments (Greep et al. 1976) . 

 Obviously, achieving even an "adequate" program level 

 would require a major expansion in U.S. support. 



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