regional summer institutes and symposia for a 

 periodic exchange of information and ideas. 

 Establish a series of paired sites — one in the 

 United states and one in a developing country with 

 similar climatic conditions or common interests in 

 certain technologies — to engage in cooperative 

 research and development on small-scale 

 technologies aimed at exploiting indigenous, 

 renewable energy resources. For example, a site in 

 the southwestern United States and one in a 

 semiarid country could be paired to develop and 

 test photovoltaic systems, solar collectors for 

 heat and steam, and solar-driven systems for water 

 pumping and mechanical drive. Or a U.S. 

 institution particularly interested in combined 

 production of fish (for food) and biomass (for 

 energy) could team up with a host developing 

 country especially interested in this area. 

 Expand scholarship/fellowship programs for the 

 education and training of developing country 

 personnel in the United States and U.S. personnel 

 in developing countries, aimed at solving 

 developing country problems in identifying and 

 harnessing energy resources. 

 Create internships so that individuals from 

 developing countries can work directly in the 

 operations of U.S. energy companies, especially 

 those involved in exploring and developing small 

 gas and oil fields. Support could come from grants 

 by major U.S. energy companies and scholarships 

 funded by the U.S. government. 



2A. Coal Conversion and Improved Combustion 



The United States has both a strong interest and 

 considerable capability in coal conversion and improved 

 combustion. However, since coal is an important 

 resource for only a limited number of developing 

 countries, this topic is not given the same emphasis as 

 the other seven areas described in this chapter. 



Coal is an important fossil fuel in certain 

 developing countries, and the development of technology 

 that would allow it to be used more effectively could 

 have a significant impact on the energy budgets of 

 those countries. Higher petroleum costs in developing 

 countries may provide opportunities for economically 

 competitive synthetic fuels from coal before that 

 situation occurs in the United States. 



Principal among the technologies for better coal 

 combustion or conversion is that dealing with fluidized 

 beds. This technology could permit more efficient use 

 of lower-grade coals and lignites, the development of 



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