trypanosomiasis blood parasite organism, could support 

 200 million head of cattle. 



These injurious organisms are a diverse and dynamic 

 group. They adjust so rapidly to chemical or other 

 treatments that resistant strains of crops or new 

 control methods must be developed each decade to keep 

 them in check. 



Intensive research in the United States and other 

 countries has identified many of these pests, recorded 

 their life cycles, and revealed numerous details about 

 their strengths and weaknesses in relation to their 

 management and control. Through such background 

 information, several types of pest control technologies 

 have been developed, including: 



Selection and breeding of crop cultivars and 

 strains of livestock with relatively stable 

 resistance to specific pests. This effective and 

 low-cost approach must, however, be reinforced with 

 extensive collection, testing, and inventorying of 

 resistant germ plasm resources for each crop 

 species and breed of livestock. (The breeding of 

 cereal crops is more advanced and successful than 

 for most other plants. Comparable advances are 

 needed for other crops such as the pulses, sugar 

 crops, root crops, oil crops, fruits, and 

 vegetables. Similarly, protection of livestock 

 from diseases and insects has received far less 

 emphasis than crop protection.) 



Development of biological controls by identifying 

 and promoting parasites or disease organisms that 

 prey on specific pests. 



— Development of improved pesticides and methods of 

 application that effectively control pests and 

 minimize damage to the environment. 



— Manipulation of the environment to make it less 

 favorable for pests and more favorable for crops 

 and animals, and to enhance the positive effects of 

 other control practices. Control methods include 

 altered dates of planting and harvesting, 

 irrigation, drainage, fertilizer use, tillage, crop 

 residue management, and changes in crop varieties 

 and crop sequences. 



— Animal inoculants and vaccines and pesticide dips 

 for disease, insect, and tick control. 



Use of information regarding adequate nutrition as 

 a preventive measure in animal disease control and 

 optimal feed utilization. 



Combining the most advantageous of these practices 

 into integrated pest management systems. 

 Integrated pest management relates local conditions 

 to practices that will minimize harmful pest 



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